OOPs Concepts in Python
1. Class and Object
Class is a blueprint for creating objects. Object is an instance of a class.
class Car:
def __init__(self, brand, model):
self.brand = brand
self.model = model
my_car = Car("Toyota", "Corolla")
print(my_car.brand) # Output: Toyota
2. Encapsulation
Encapsulation restricts access to certain details of an object.
class BankAccount:
def __init__(self, balance):
self.__balance = balance
def get_balance(self):
return self.__balance
account = BankAccount(1000)
print(account.get_balance()) # Output: 1000
3. Inheritance
Inheritance allows one class to inherit properties and methods of another.
class Animal:
def speak(self):
print("Animal speaks")
class Dog(Animal):
def speak(self):
print("Dog barks")
OOPs Concepts in Python
d = Dog()
d.speak() # Output: Dog barks
4. Polymorphism
Polymorphism allows the same method to have different behaviors in different classes.
class Cat:
def sound(self):
print("Meow")
class Dog:
def sound(self):
print("Bark")
def make_sound(animal):
animal.sound()
make_sound(Cat()) # Output: Meow
make_sound(Dog()) # Output: Bark
5. Abstraction
Abstraction hides internal details and shows only the necessary features.
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
class Shape(ABC):
@abstractmethod
def area(self):
pass
class Circle(Shape):
def __init__(self, radius):
self.radius = radius
OOPs Concepts in Python
def area(self):
return 3.14 * self.radius ** 2
c = Circle(5)
print(c.area()) # Output: 78.5
Bonus: Constructor & Destructor
Constructor (__init__) is called on object creation. Destructor (__del__) is called on object deletion.
class Person:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
def __del__(self):
print("Object destroyed")
p = Person("Bob")
del p # Output: Object destroyed
