Introduction to JAVA…

Parikshith Nayaka S K
Asst. Professor
Dept of CSE

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Reference Book…

The Complete Reference Java by Herbert

Schildt, Seventh Edition, 2007, Tata
McGraw-Hill

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◼ Java is related to C++, which is a direct descendent
of C

◼ From C, Java derives its syntax

◼ Many of Java’s object-oriented features were

influenced by C++

◼ Java was conceived by James Gosling, Patrick

Naughton, Chris Warth, Ed Frank, and Mike
Sheridan at Sun Microsystems, Inc. in 1991

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◼ This language was initially called “Oak” but was
renamed “Java” in 1995

◼ Java can be used to create two types of programs:

applications and applets

◼ An application is a program that runs on your

computer, under the operating system of that
computer

◼ An applet is an application designed to be

transmitted over the Internet and executed by a
Java-compatible Web browser

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◼ An applet is actually a tiny Java program,
dynamically downloaded across the network,
just like an image, sound file, or video clip

◼ An applet is a program that can react to user

input and dynamically change—not just run
the same animation or sound over and over

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Security

◼ When you use a Java-compatible Web

browser, you can safely download Java
applets without fear of viral infection or
malicious intent

◼ Java achieves this protection by confining a

Java program to the Java execution access
to other parts of the computer environment
and not allowing it
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◼ Java is portable across many types of
computers and operating systems that are in
use throughout the world

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Java’s Magic: The Bytecode

◼ The output of a Java compiler is not

executable code ; rather, it is bytecode

◼ Bytecode is a highly optimized set of

instructions designed to be executed by the
Java run-time system, which is called the
Java Virtual Machine (JVM)

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 JVM is an interpreter for bytecode

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◼ Translating a Java program into bytecode helps
makes it much easier to run a program in a wide
variety of environments

◼ The reason is straightforward: only the JVM needs

to be implemented for each platform

◼ When a program is interpreted, it generally runs

substantially slower than it would run if compiled to
executable code

◼ The use of bytecode enables the Java run-time

system to execute programs much faster than you
might expect

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◼ Sun supplies its Just In Time (JIT) compiler
for bytecode, which is included in the Java 2
release

◼ When the JIT compiler is part of the JVM, it

compiles bytecode into executable code in
real time, on a piece-by-piece, demand basis

◼ The JIT compiles code as it is needed, during

execution

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The Java Buzzwords (Features of Java)

◼ Simple
◼ Secure
◼ Portable
◼ Object-oriented
◼ Robust
◼ Multithreaded
◼ Architecture-neutral
◼ Interpreted
◼ High performance
◼ Distributed
◼ Dynamic

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Simple
◼ If you already understand the basic concepts of
object-oriented programming, learning Java will be
even easier

◼ Because Java inherits the C/C++ syntax and many

of the object-oriented features of C++, most
programmers have little trouble learning Java

◼ Beyond its similarities with C/C++, Java has another

attribute that makes it easy to learn: it makes an
effort not to have surprising features

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Object oriented

◼ The object model in Java is simple and easy

to extend, while simple types, such as
integers, are kept as high-performance
nonobjects

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Robust

◼ Ability to create robust programs was given a

high priority in the design of Java

◼ To better understand how Java is robust,

consider two of the main reasons for program
failure: memory management mistakes and
mishandled exceptional conditions (that
is, run-time errors)

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◼ Memory management can be a difficult, tedious task
in traditional programming environments

◼ For example, in C/C++, the programmer must

manually allocate and free all dynamic memory

◼ Programmers will either forget to free memory that

has been previously allocated or, worse, try to free
some memory that another part of their code is still
using

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◼ Java virtually eliminates these problems by
managing memory allocation and
deallocation for you

◼ Java provides object-oriented exception

handling

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Multithreaded

◼ Java supports multithreaded programming,

which allows you to write programs that do
many things simultaneously

◼ The Java run-time system comes with an

elegant yet sophisticated solution for
multiprocess synchronization that enables
you to construct smoothly running interactive
systems
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Architecture-Neutral

◼ Operating system upgrades, processor upgrades,

and changes in core system resources can all
combine to make a program malfunction

◼ Java Virtual Machine in an attempt to alter this

situation

◼ Their goal was “write once; run anywhere, any time,

forever.”

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Interpreted and High Performance

◼ Java enables the creation of cross-platform

programs by compiling into an intermediate
representation called Java bytecode

◼ This code can be interpreted on any system that

provides a Java Virtual Machine

◼ the Java bytecode was carefully designed so that it

would be easy to translate directly into native
machine code for very high performance by using a
just-in-time compiler

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Distributed

◼ Java is designed for the distributed

environment of the Internet, because it
handles TCP/IP protocols

◼ Remote Method Invocation (RMI) feature of

Java brings an unparalleled level of
abstraction to client/server programming

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Dynamic

◼ Java programs carry with them substantial

amounts of run-time type information that is
used to verify and resolve accesses to
objects at run time.

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 An Overview of Java

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◼ Object-oriented programming is at the core of
Java

◼ all computer programs consist of two

elements: code and data

◼ A program can be conceptually organized

around its code or around its data

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◼ That is, some programs are written around
“what is happening” and others are written
around “who is being affected.”

◼ The first way is called the process-oriented

model

◼ The process-oriented model can be thought

of as code acting on data

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◼ The second approach, Object-oriented
programming organizes a program around
its data (that is, objects) and a set of well-
defined interfaces to that data

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◼ Concept of Abstraction

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The Three OOP Principles:

◼ Encapsulation - is the mechanism that binds

together code and the data it manipulates,
and keeps both safe from outside
interference and misuse

◼ Inheritance - the process by which one

object acquires the properties of another
object

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◼ Polymorphism - is a feature that allows one
interface to be used for a general class of
actions

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A First Simple Program

/* This is a simple Java program.

Call this file "Example.java".*/
class Example {
// Your program begins with a call to main()
public static void main(String args[]) {
System.out.println("This is a simple Java program.");
}
}

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Compiling the Program

◼ C:\>javac Example.java

◼ The javac compiler creates a file called

Example.class that contains the bytecode
version of the program

• The output of javac is not code that can be

directly executed

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• To actually run the program, you must use
the Java interpreter, called java.

• C:\>java Example

• When a class member is preceded by public,

then that member may be accessed by code
outside the class in which it is declared

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• The keyword static allows main( ) to be
called without having to instantiate a
particular instance of the class

• The keyword void simply tells the compiler

that main( ) does not return a value

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A Second Short Program
class Example2 {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int num; // this declares a variable called num
num = 100; // this assigns num the value 100
System.out.println("This is num: " + num);
num = num * 2;
System.out.print("The value of num * 2 is ");
System.out.println(num);
}
}

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Two Control Statements

The if Statement:
if(condition) statement;

if(num < 100)

System.out.println("num is less than 100");

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The for Loop:

for(initialization; condition; iteration) statement;

class ForTest {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int x;
for(x = 0; x<10; x = x+1)
System.out.println("This is x: " + x);
}
}
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Using Blocks of Code:
using { and }

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Lexical Issues

• Whitespace:
– Java is a free-form language
– In Java, whitespace is a space, tab, or newline

• Identifiers:
- Identifiers are used for class names,
method names, and variable names
- Java is case-sensitive

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Literals:
• A constant value in Java is created by using
a literal representation of it

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Comments
• There are three types of comments defined by Java.

• Single-line and multiline

• The third type is called a documentation comment

• This type of comment is used to produce an HTML

file that documents your program

• The documentation comment begins with /** and

ends with */

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Separators

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The Java Keywords
• There are 49 reserved keywords currently
defined in the Java language

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7/15/2025 47
 Data Types, Variables,
and
Arrays

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Java Is a Strongly Typed Language

• Every variable has a type, every expression has a

type, and every type is strictly defined

• All assignments, whether explicit or via parameter

passing in method calls, are checked for type
compatibility

• The Java compiler checks all expressions and

parameters to ensure that the types are compatible

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The Simple Types

Java defines eight simple (or elemental)

types of data: byte, short, int, long, char,
float, double, and boolean

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Integers

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class Light {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int lightspeed;
long days;
long seconds;
long distance;
// approximate speed of light in miles per second
lightspeed = 186000;
days = 1000; // specify number of days here
seconds = days * 24 * 60 * 60; // convert to seconds
distance = lightspeed * seconds; // compute distance
System.out.print("In " + days);
System.out.print(" days light will travel about ");
System.out.println(distance + " miles.");
}
}

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Floating-Point Types

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class Area {
public static void main(String args[ ]) {
double pi, r, a;
r = 10.8; // radius of circle
pi = 3.1416; // pi, approximately
a = pi * r * r; // compute area
System.out.println("Area of circle is " + a);
}
}

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Characters
• char in Java is not the same as char in C or C++.

• In C/C++, char is an integer type that is 8 bits wide

• Instead, Java uses Unicode to represent

characters

• Unicode defines a fully international character set

that can represent all of the characters found in all
human languages

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• In Java char is a 16-bit type

• The range of a char is 0 to 65,536

• There are no negative chars

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class CharDemo {
public static void main(String args[ ]) {
char ch1, ch2;
ch1 = 88; // code for X
ch2 = 'Y';
System.out.print("ch1 and ch2: ");
System.out.println(ch1 + " " + ch2);
}
}

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class CharDemo2 {
public static void main(String args[ ]) {
char ch1;
ch1 = 'X';
System.out.println("ch1 contains " + ch1);
ch1++; // increment ch1
System.out.println("ch1 is now " + ch1);
}
}

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Booleans

• Can have only one of two possible values,

true or false

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class BoolTest {
public static void main(String args[]) {
boolean b;
b = false;
System.out.println("b is " + b);
b = true;
System.out.println("b is " + b);
// a boolean value can control the if statement
if(b) System.out.println("This is executed.");
b = false;
if(b) System.out.println("This is not executed.");
// outcome of a relational operator is a boolean value
System.out.println("10 > 9 is " + (10 > 9));
}
}
The output generated by this program is shown here:
b is false
b is true
This is executed.
10 > 9 is true
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• Integer Literals – Decimal, Hexa and Octal

• Floating-Point Literals
– For example, 2.0, 3.14159, and 0.6667 represent
valid standard - notation floating-point numbers

- Scientific notation uses a standard-notation,

floating-point number plus a suffix that specifies a
power of 10 by which the number is to be
multiplied eg. 6.022E23, 314159E–05, and
2e+100

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• Boolean Literals – true , false

• Character Literals
– Characters in Java are indices into the Unicode
character set
- They are 16-bit values that can be converted into
integers and manipulated with the integer
operators, such as the addition and subtraction
operators
- A literal character is represented inside a pair of
single quotes

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String Literals
• “Hello World”
• “two\nlines”
• “\”This is in quotes\””

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Declaring a Variable

type identifier [ = value][, identifier [= value] ...] ;

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Dynamic Initialization

class DynInit {
public static void main(String args[]) {
double a = 3.0, b = 4.0;
// c is dynamically initialized
double c = Math.sqrt(a * a + b * b);
System.out.println("Hypotenuse is " + c);
}
}

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The Scope and Lifetime of Variables

• Java allows variables to be declared within

any block

• A block is begun with an opening curly brace

and ended by a closing curly brace

• A block defines a scope

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• In Java, the two major scopes are those defined by
a class and those defined by a method

• As a general rule, variables declared inside a scope

are not visible (that is, accessible) to code that is
defined outside that scope

• Scopes can be nested

• Objects declared in the outer scope will be visible to

code within the inner scope ; but reverse not true

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class Scope {
public static void main (String args[]) {
int x; // known to all code within main
x = 10;
if(x == 10) { // start new scope
int y = 20; // known only to this block
// x and y both known here.
System.out.println("x and y: " + x + " " + y);
x = y * 2;
}
// y = 100; // Error! y not known here
// x is still known here.
System.out.println("x is " + x);
}
}

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class LifeTime {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int x;
for(x = 0; x < 3; x++) {
int y = -1; // y is initialized each time block is entered
System.out.println("y is: " + y); // this always prints -1
y = 100;
System.out.println("y is now: " + y);
}
}
}

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class ScopeErr {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int bar = 1;
{ // creates a new scope
int bar = 2; // Compile-time error – bar already defined!
}
}
}

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Type Conversion and Casting

• When one type of data is assigned to another

type of variable, an automatic type
conversion will take place if the following two
conditions are met:
■ The two types are compatible.
■ The destination type is larger than the
source type.

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Casting Incompatible Types

• what if you want to assign an int value to a

byte variable?

• This conversion will not be performed

automatically, because a byte is smaller than
an int

• narrowing conversion

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(target-type) value
• target-type specifies the desired type to
convert the specified value to

int a;
byte b;
// ...
b = (byte) a;

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class Conversion {
public static void main(String args[]) {
byte b;
int i = 257;
double d = 323.142;
System.out.println("\nConversion of int to byte.");
b = (byte) i;
System.out.println("i and b " + i + " " + b);
System.out.println("\nConversion of double to int.");
i = (int) d;
System.out.println("d and i " + d + " " + i);
System.out.println("\nConversion of double to byte.");
b = (byte) d;
System.out.println("d and b " + d + " " + b);
}
}
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Output:

Conversion of int to byte.

i and b 257 1
Conversion of double to int.
d and i 323.142 323
Conversion of double to byte.
d and b 323.142 67

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Automatic Type Promotion in
Expressions
Example:
byte a = 40;
byte b = 50;
byte c = 100;
int d = a * b / c;

• Java automatically promotes each byte or

short operand to int when evaluating an
expression
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• Subexpression a * b is performed using
integer

byte b = 50
b=b*2
// error: Cannot assign an int to a byte

In this case we need to explicitly specify:

byte b = 50;
b = (byte) (b*2);

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The Type Promotion Rules

• All byte and short values are promoted to int

• If one operand is a long, the whole expression is

promoted to long

• If one operand is a float, the entire expression is

promoted to float

• If any of the operands is double, the result is

double
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class Promote {
public static void main(String args[ ]) {
byte b = 42;
char c = 'a';
short s = 1024;
int i = 50000;
float f = 5.67f;
double d = .1234;
double result = (f * b) + (i / c) - (d * s);
System.out.println((f * b) + " + " + (i / c) + " - " + (d * s));
System.out.println("result = " + result);
}
}

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double result = (f * b) + (i / c) - (d * s);

• In the first subexpression, f * b, b is promoted to a

float and the result of the subexpression
is float

• Next, in the subexpression i / c, c is promoted to int,

and the result is of type int

• In d * s, the value of s is promoted to double, and

the type of the subexpression is double

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• The outcome of float plus an int is a float

• Then the resultant float minus the last

double is promoted to double, which is the
type for the final result of the expression

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Arrays

• An array is a group of like-typed variables

that are referred to by a common name

• A specific element in an array is accessed by

its index

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One-Dimensional Arrays

• type var-name[ ]; - No array exists

• array-var = new type[size]; - allocating

memory

Example:
int month_days[] = new int[12]

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• Arrays can be initialized when they are
declared

• An array initializer is a list of comma-

separated expressions surrounded by curly
braces

• There is no need to use new

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class AutoArray {
public static void main(String args[ ]) {
int month_days[] = { 31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31,
31, 30, 31,30, 31 };
System.out.println("April has " + month_days[3]
+ " days.");
}
}

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class Average {
public static void main(String args[]) {
double nums[] = {10.1, 11.2, 12.3, 13.4, 14.5};
double result = 0;
int i;
for(i=0; i<5; i++)
result = result + nums[i];
System.out.println("Average is " + result / 5);
}
}
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Multidimensional Arrays
• To declare a multidimensional array variable,
specify each additional index using another
set of square brackets
Example:
int twoD[][] = new int[4][5];

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class TwoDArray {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int twoD[][]= new int[4][5];
int i, j, k = 0;
for(i=0; i<4; i++)
for(j=0; j<5; j++) {
twoD[i][j] = k;
k++;
}
for(i=0; i<4; i++) {
for(j=0; j<5; j++)
System.out.print(twoD[i][j] + " ");
System.out.println();
}
}
}

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• When you allocate memory for a multidimensional
array, you need only specify the memory for the first
(leftmost) dimension

• You can allocate the remaining dimensions

separately
Example:
int twoD[][] = new int[4][];
twoD[0] = new int[5];
twoD[1] = new int[5];
twoD[2] = new int[5];
twoD[3] = new int[5];

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• When you allocate dimensions manually, you
do not need to allocate the same number of
elements for each dimension

• Since multidimensional arrays are actually

arrays of arrays, the length of each array is
under your control

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class TwoDAgain {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int twoD[][] = new int[4][];
twoD[0] = new int[1];
twoD[1] = new int[2];
twoD[2] = new int[3];
twoD[3] = new int[4];
int i, j, k = 0;
for(i=0; i<4; i++)
for(j=0; j<i+1; j++) {
twoD[i][j] = k;
k++;
}
for(i=0; i<4; i++) {
for(j=0; j<i+1; j++)
System.out.print(twoD[i][j] + " ");
System.out.println();
}}}

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• It is possible to initialize multidimensional
arrays

• You can use expressions as well as literal

values inside of array initializers

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class Matrix {
public static void main(String args[]) {
double m[ ][ ] = {
{ 0*0, 1*0, 2*0, 3*0 },
{ 0*1, 1*1, 2*1, 3*1 },
{ 0*2, 1*2, 2*2, 3*2 },
{ 0*3, 1*3, 2*3, 3*3 }
};
int i, j;
for(i=0; i<4; i++) {
for(j=0; j<4; j++)
System.out.print(m[i][j] + " ");
System.out.println();
}
}
}

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Output:

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0
0.0 3.0 6.0 9.0

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Alternative Array Declaration Syntax
• There is a second form that may be used to declare
an array:
type[ ] var-name;

Example: These two are equivalent

int al[ ] = new int[3];
int[ ] a2 = new int[3];

The following declarations are also equivalent:

char twod1[ ][ ] = new char[3][4];
char[ ][ ] twod2 = new char[3][4];

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Note:
• Java does not support or allow pointers

• Java cannot allow pointers, because doing so would

allow Java applets to breach the firewall between
the Java execution environment and the host
computer

• Java is designed in such a way that as long as you

stay within the confines of the execution
environment, you will never need to use a pointer,
nor would there be any benefit in using one

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 Operators

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Arithmetic Operators

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class BasicMath {
public static void main(String args[]) {
// arithmetic using integers
System.out.println("Integer Arithmetic");
int a = 1 + 1;
int b = a * 3;
int c = b / 4;
int d = c - a;
int e = -d;
System.out.println("a = " + a);
System.out.println("b = " + b);
System.out.println("c = " + c);
System.out.println("d = " + d);
System.out.println("e = " + e);
// arithmetic using doubles
System.out.println("\nFloating Point Arithmetic");
double da = 1 + 1;
double db = da * 3;
double dc = db / 4;
double dd = dc - a;
double de = -dd;
System.out.println("da = " + da);
System.out.println("db = " + db);
System.out.println("dc = " + dc);
System.out.println("dd = " + dd);
System.out.println("de = " + de);
}
}

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• The modulus operator, %, returns the
remainder of a division operation

• It can be applied to floating-point types as

well as integer types

• This differs from C/C++, in which the % can

only be applied to integer types

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class Modulus {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int x = 42;
double y = 42.25;
System.out.println("x mod 10 = " + x % 10);
System.out.println("y mod 10 = " + y % 10);
}
}
When you run this program you will get the following
output:
x mod 10 = 2
y mod 10 = 2.25
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Arithmetic Assignment Operators

• a = a + 4;

• a += 4;

Any statement of the form

var = var op expression;
can be rewritten as
var op= expression;
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 Operator Example Equivalent To

+= x += y x=x+y
-= x -= y x=x-y
*= x *= y x=x*y
/= x /= y x=x/y
%= x %= y x=x%y

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 The Bitwise Operators
~ Bitwise unary NOT
& Bitwise AND
| Bitwise OR
^ Bitwise XOR
>> Shift Right
>>> Shift Right zero fill
<< Shift left
&= Bitwise AND Assignment
|= Bitwise OR Assignment
^= Bitwise XOR Assignment
>>= Shift Right Assignment
>>>= Shift Right zero fill Assignment
<<= Shift Left Assignment

7/15/2025 107
class BitLogic {
public static void main(String args[]) {
String binary[ ] = {
"0000", "0001", "0010", "0011", "0100", "0101", "0110", "0111",
"1000", "1001", "1010", "1011", "1100", "1101", "1110", "1111"
};
int a = 3; // 0 + 2 + 1 or 0011 in binary
int b = 6; // 4 + 2 + 0 or 0110 in binary
int c = a | b;
int d = a & b;
int e = a ^ b;
int f = (~a & b) | (a & ~b);
int g = ~a & 0x0f;
System.out.println(" a = " + binary[a]);
System.out.println(" b = " + binary[b]);
System.out.println(" a|b = " + binary[c]);
System.out.println(" a&b = " + binary[d]);
System.out.println(" a^b = " + binary[e]);
System.out.println("~a&b|a&~b = " + binary[f]);
System.out.println(" ~a = " + binary[g]);
}
}

7/15/2025 108
The Left Shift
It has this general form:
value << num
• If you left-shift a byte value, that value will first be
promoted to int and then shifted

• This means that you must discard the top three

bytes of the result if what you want is the result of a
shifted byte value

• The easiest way to do this is to simply cast the result

back into a byte

7/15/2025 109
class ByteShift {
public static void main(String args[]) {
byte a = 64, b;
int i;
i = a << 2;
b = (byte) (a << 2);
System.out.println("Original value of a: " + a);
System.out.println("i and b: " + i + " " + b);
}
}
Output:
Original value of a: 64
i and b: 256 0
7/15/2025 110
The Right Shift

• The right shift operator, >>, shifts all of the bits in a

value to the right a specified number of times

value >> num

int a = 32;
a = a >> 2; // a now contains 8

int a = 35;
a = a >> 2; // a still contains 8

7/15/2025 111
 11111000 –8
>>1
11111100 –4
• Sign extension

7/15/2025 112
// Masking sign extension.
class HexByte {
static public void main(String args[]) {
char hex[] = {
'0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7',
'8', '9', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f'
};
byte b = (byte) 0xf1;
System.out.println("b = 0x" + hex[(b >> 4) & 0x0f] +
hex[b & 0x0f]);
}
}
7/15/2025 113
The Unsigned Right Shift

• Unsigned, shift-right operator, >>>, which always shifts zeros into

the high-order bit

int a = -1;
a = a >>> 24;
Here is the same operation in binary form to further illustrate what is
happening:
11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111 –1 in binary as an int
>>>24
00000000 00000000 00000000 11111111 255 in binary as an int

7/15/2025 114
// Unsigned shifting a byte value.
class ByteUShift {
static public void main(String args[]) {
char hex[] = {
'0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7',
'8', '9', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f'
};
byte b = (byte) 0xf1;
byte c = (byte) (b >> 4);
byte d = (byte) (b >>> 4);
byte e = (byte) ((b & 0xff) >> 4);
System.out.println(" b = 0x“ + hex[(b >> 4) & 0x0f] + hex[b & 0x0f]);
System.out.println(" b >> 4 = 0x“ + hex[(c >> 4) & 0x0f] + hex[c & 0x0f]);
System.out.println(" b >>> 4 = 0x“ + hex[(d >> 4) & 0x0f] + hex[d & 0x0f]);
System.out.println("(b & 0xff) >> 4 = 0x“ + hex[(e >> 4) & 0x0f] + hex[e & 0x0f]);
}
}

7/15/2025 115
Output

b = 0xf1
b >> 4 = 0xff
b >>> 4 = 0xff
(b & 0xff) >> 4 = 0x0f

7/15/2025 116
Bitwise Operator Assignments

a = a >> 4;
a >>= 4;

a = a | b;
a |= b;

7/15/2025 117
Relational Operators

> greater than

>= greater than or equal to
< less than
<= less than or equal to
== equal to
!= not equal to

7/15/2025 118
 int a = 4;
int b = 1;
boolean c = a < b;

int done;
// ...
if(!done) ... // Valid in C/C++
if(done) ... // but not in Java.

In Java, these statements must be written like this:

if(done == 0)) ... // This is Java-style.
if(done != 0) ...

7/15/2025 119
 In Java, true and false are nonnumeric
values which do not relate to zero or nonzero

7/15/2025 120
Boolean Logical Operators

7/15/2025 121
Short-Circuit Logical Operators

• Java will not bother to evaluate the right-hand

operand when the outcome of the expression
can be determined by the left operand alone

Example 1:
if (denom != 0 && num / denom > 10)

Example 2:
if(c==1 && e++ < 100) d = 100;
7/15/2025 122
The Assignment Operator

var = expression;

int x, y, z;
x = y = z = 100; // set x, y, and z to 100

7/15/2025 123
The ?: Operator (ternary if)

expression1 ? expression2 : expression3

Example:
if (a > b) { max = a; } else { max = b; }
max = (a > b) ? a : b;

ratio = (denom == 0) ? 0 : num / denom;

7/15/2025 124
Operator Precedence
Highest
1. () [] .
2. ++ -- ~ !
3. * / %
4. + -
5. >> >>> <<
6. > >= < <=
7. == !=
8. &
9. ^
10. |
11. &&
12. ||
13. ?:
14. = op=
Lowest

7/15/2025 125
Example:
a | 4 + c >> b & 7
(a | (((4 + c) >> b) & 7))

7/15/2025 126
• Parentheses (redundant or not) do not
degrade the performance of your program

• Therefore, adding parentheses to reduce

ambiguity does not negatively affect your
program

7/15/2025 127
 Control Statements

7/15/2025 128
If:
if (condition) statement1;
else statement2;

Nested If:
if(i == 10) {
if(j < 20) a = b;
if(k > 100) c = d; // this if is
else a = c; // associated with this else
}
else a = d; // this else refers to if(i == 10)

7/15/2025 129
The if-else-if Ladder:
if(condition)
statement;
else if(condition)
statement;
else if(condition)
statement;
...
else
statement;
7/15/2025 130
switch
switch (expression) {
case value1:
// statement sequence
break;
case value2:
// statement sequence
break;
...
case valueN:
// statement sequence
break;
default:
// default statement sequence
}
• The expression must be of type byte, short, int, or char;

7/15/2025 131
 Nested switch Statements
switch(count) {
case 1:
switch(target) { // nested switch
case 0:
System.out.println("target is zero");
break;
case 1: // no conflicts with outer switch
System.out.println("target is one");
break;
}
break;
case 2: // ...

7/15/2025 132
Iteration Statements

While:
while(condition) {
// body of loop
}

7/15/2025 133
class NoBody {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int i, j;
i = 100;
j = 200;
// find midpoint between i and j
while(++i < --j) ; // no body in this loop
System.out.println("Midpoint is " + i);
}
}

7/15/2025 134
do-while

do {
// body of loop
} while (condition);

7/15/2025 135
// Using a do-while to process a menu selection
class Menu {
public static void main(String args[])
throws java.io.IOException {
char choice;
do {
System.out.println("Help on:");
System.out.println(" 1. if");
System.out.println(" 2. switch");
System.out.println(" 3. while");
System.out.println(" 4. do-while");
System.out.println(" 5. for\n");
System.out.println("Choose one:");
choice = (char) System.in.read();
} while( choice < '1' || choice > '5');
System.out.println("\n");
switch(choice) {
case '1':
System.out.println("The if:\n");
System.out.println("if(condition) statement;");
System.out.println("else statement;");
break;
case '2':

7/15/2025 136
System.out.println("The switch:\n");
System.out.println("switch(expression) {");
System.out.println(" case constant:");
System.out.println(" statement sequence");
System.out.println(" break;");
System.out.println(" // ...");
System.out.println("}");
break;
case '3':
System.out.println("The while:\n");
System.out.println("while(condition) statement;");
break;
case '4':
System.out.println("The do-while:\n");
System.out.println("do {");
System.out.println(" statement;");
System.out.println("} while (condition);");
break;
case '5':
System.out.println("The for:\n");
System.out.print("for(init; condition; iteration)");
System.out.println(" statement;");
break;
}
}
}

7/15/2025 137
for

for(initialization; condition; iteration) {

// body
}

7/15/2025 138
class Comma {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int a, b;
for(a=1, b=4; a<b; a++, b--) {
System.out.println("a = " + a);
System.out.println("b = " + b);
}
}
}

7/15/2025 139
Some for Loop Variations

boolean done = false;

for(int i=1; !done; i++) {
// ...
if(interrupted()) done = true;
}

7/15/2025 140
// Parts of the for loop can be empty.
class ForVar {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int i;
boolean done = false;
i = 0;
for( ; !done; ) {
System.out.println("i is " + i);
if(i == 10) done = true;
i++;
}
}
}

7/15/2025 141
for( ; ; ) {
// ...
}

• This loop will run forever, because there is no

condition under which it will terminate

• Nested Loops - concept

7/15/2025 142
Jump Statements
Using break to Exit a Loop:
class BreakLoop {
public static void main(String args[]) {
for(int i=0; i<100; i++) {
if(i == 10) break; // terminate loop if i is 10
System.out.println("i: " + i);
}
System.out.println("Loop complete.");
}
}
7/15/2025 143
• More than one break statement may appear
in a loop

• Too many break statements have the

tendency to destructure your code

• The break that terminates a switch

statement affects only that switch statement
and not any enclosing loops

7/15/2025 144
Using break as a Form of Goto

• Java defines an expanded form of the break

statement

• By using this form of break, you can break

out of one or more blocks of code

• The general form of the labeled break

statement is :
break label;

7/15/2025 145
• A label is any valid Java identifier followed by
a colon

• You can use a labeled break statement to

exit from a set of nested blocks

• You cannot use break to transfer control to a

block of code that does not enclose the
break statement

7/15/2025 146
class Break {
public static void main(String args[]) {
boolean t = true;
first: {
second: {
third: {
System.out.println("Before the break.");
if(t) break second; // break out of second block
System.out.println("This won't execute");
}
System.out.println("This won't execute");
}
System.out.println("This is after second block.");
}
}
}

7/15/2025 147
class BreakLoop4 {
public static void main(String args[]) {
outer: for(int i=0; i<3; i++) {
System.out.print("Pass " + i + ": ");
for(int j=0; j<100; j++) {
if(j == 10) break outer; // exit both loops
System.out.print(j + " ");
}
System.out.println("This will not print");
}
System.out.println("Loops complete.");
}
}

7/15/2025 148
// This program contains an error.
class BreakErr {
public static void main(String args[]) {
one: for(int i=0; i<3; i++) {
System.out.print("Pass " + i + ": ");
}
for(int j=0; j<100; j++) {
if(j == 10) break one; // WRONG
System.out.print(j + " ");
}
}
}
7/15/2025 149
Using continue

class Continue {
public static void main(String args[]) {
for(int i=0; i<10; i++) {
System.out.print(i + " ");
if (i%2 == 0) continue;
System.out.println("");
}
}
}

7/15/2025 150
• As with the break statement, continue may specify a label to
describe which enclosing loop to continue

class ContinueLabel {
public static void main(String args[]) {
outer: for (int i=0; i<10; i++) {
for(int j=0; j<10; j++) {
if(j > i) {
System.out.println();
continue outer;
}
System.out.print(" " + (i * j));
}
}
System.out.println();
}
}
7/15/2025 151
Output:

0
01
024
0369
0 4 8 12 16
0 5 10 15 20 25
0 6 12 18 24 30 36
0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49
0 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64
0 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81
7/15/2025 152
return
• Used to explicitly return from a method

• The return statement immediately terminates the

method in which it is executed

class Return {
public static void main(String args[]) {
boolean t = true;
System.out.println("Before the return.");
if(t==true) return; // return to caller
System.out.println("This won't execute.");
}}

7/15/2025 153
 return causes execution to return to the Java
run-time system, since it is the run-time
system that calls main( )

7/15/2025 154
I/O
• Java programs perform I/O through streams

• A stream is an abstraction that either produces or

consumes information

• A stream is linked to a physical device by the Java I/O

system

• All streams behave in the same manner, even if the

actual physical devices to which they are linked differ

7/15/2025 155
• Thus, the same I/O classes and methods can be
applied to any type of device

• This means that an input stream can abstract

many different kinds of input: from a disk file, a
keyboard, or a network socket

• Likewise, an output stream may refer to the

console, a disk file, or a network connection

7/15/2025 156
• Java defines two types of streams: byte and
character

• Byte streams provide a convenient means for

handling input and output of bytes

• Byte streams are used, for example, when reading

or writing binary data

• Character streams provide a convenient means for

handling input and output of characters

7/15/2025 157
• Byte streams are defined by using two class
hierarchies

• At the top are two abstract classes:

InputStream and OutputStream

• Each of these abstract classes has several

concrete subclasses that handle the differences
between various devices, such as disk files,
network connections, and even memory buffers

7/15/2025 158
• Character streams are defined by using two
class hierarchies

• At the top are two abstract classes, Reader and

Writer

• These abstract classes handle Unicode

character streams

• Java has several concrete subclasses of each of

these

7/15/2025 159
7/15/2025 160
7/15/2025 161
7/15/2025 162
• All Java programs automatically import the
java.lang package

• This package defines a class called System,

which encapsulates several aspects of the run-
time environment

7/15/2025 163
• System also contains three predefined stream
variables: in, out, and err

• These fields are declared as public, static, and

final within System

• This means that they can be used by any other

part of your program and without reference to a
specific System object

7/15/2025 164
• System.out refers to the standard output stream

• By default, this is the console

• System.in refers to standard input, which is the

keyboard by default

• System.err refers to the standard error stream,

which also is the console by default

• However, these streams may be redirected to any

compatible I/O device
7/15/2025 165
• System.in is an object of type InputStream

• System.out and System.err are objects of type

PrintStream

• These are byte streams, even though they

typically are used to read and write characters
from and to the console

7/15/2025 166
Reading Console Input…
• In Java, console input is accomplished by reading
from System.in

• To obtain a character based stream that is attached

to the console, wrap System.in in a BufferedReader
object

• BufferedReader supports a buffered input stream Its

most commonly used constructor :
BufferedReader(Reader inputReader)

7/15/2025 167
• Here, inputReader is the stream that is linked to
the instance of BufferedReader that is being
created

• Reader is an abstract class

• One of its concrete subclasses is

InputStreamReader, which converts bytes to
characters

7/15/2025 168
• To obtain an InputStreamReader object that is
linked to System.in, use the following
constructor:

InputStreamReader(InputStream inputStream)

• Because System.in refers to an object of type

InputStream, it can be used for inputStream.

7/15/2025 169
• Putting it all together, the following line of code
creates a BufferedReader that is connected to the
keyboard:
• InputStreamReader varname=new
InputStreamReader(System.in)
• BufferedReader d = new BufferedReader (
varname);
or
BufferedReader d = new BufferedReader ( new
InputStreamReader(System.in));
• After this statement executes, d is a character-
based stream that is linked to the console through
System.in
7/15/2025 170
Reading Characters…
// Use a BufferedReader to read characters from the console.
import java.io.*;
class BRRead {
public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException
{
char c;
BufferedReader d = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
System.out.println("Enter characters, 'q' to quit.");
// read characters
do {
c = (char) d.read();
System.out.println(c);
} while(c != 'q');
}
}

7/15/2025 171
Reading Strings…
• To read a string from the keyboard, use the
version of readLine( ) that is a member of the
BufferedReader class

• Its general form is shown here:

String readLine( ) throws IOException

it returns a String object.

7/15/2025 172
// Read a string from console using a BufferedReader.
import java.io.*;
class BRReadLines {
public static void main(String args[])
throws IOException
{
// create a BufferedReader using System.in
BufferedReader d = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
String str;
System.out.println("Enter lines of text.");
System.out.println("Enter 'stop' to quit.");
do {
str = d.readLine();
System.out.println(str);
} while(!str.equals("stop"));
}
}

7/15/2025 173
We can use DataInputStream class also…

• DataInputStream d = new DataInputStream(System.in);

:
:
:
String s = d.readLine()
:
:

7/15/2025 174
 static double Double.parseDouble(String str)
throws NumberFormatException

• Returns the double equivalent of the number

contained in the string specified by str using
radix 10

7/15/2025 175
 static String toString(double num)

• Returns the string equivalent of the value

specified by num

7/15/2025 176
 static int Integer.parseInt(String str) throws
NumberFormatException

• Returns the integer equivalent of the number

contained in the string specified by str using
radix 10.

7/15/2025 177
 static String toString(int num)

• Returns a string that contains the decimal

equivalent of num

7/15/2025 178
 static float Float.parseFloat(String str) throws
NumberFormatException

• Returns the float equivalent of the number

contained in the string specified by str using
radix 10

7/15/2025 179
 static String toString(float num)

• Returns the string equivalent of the value

specified by num

7/15/2025 180
 static long parseLong(String str) throws
NumberFormatException

• Returns the long equivalent of the number

contained in the string specified by str in radix 10

7/15/2025 181
 static String toString(long num)

• Returns a string that contains the decimal

equivalent of num

7/15/2025 182
 static Long valueOf(long num)

• Returns a Long object containing the value

passed in num.

static Long valueOf(String str) throws

NumberFormatException

• Returns a Long object that contains the value

specified by the string in str

7/15/2025 183
 static Integer valueOf(int num)

• Returns an Integer object containing the value

passed in num.

static Integer valueOf(String str) throws

NumberFormatException

• Returns an Integer object that contains the value

specified by the string in str

7/15/2025 184
 static Float valueOf(float num)

• Returns a Float object containing the value

passed in num.

static Float valueOf(String str) throws

NumberFormatException

• Returns the Float object that contains the value

specified by the string in str

7/15/2025 185
 static Double valueOf(double num)

• Returns a Double object containing the value

passed in num.

static Double valueOf(String str) throws

NumberFormatException

• Returns a Double object that contains the value

specified by the string in str

7/15/2025 186
 float floatValue( )

Returns the value of the invoking object as a

float

Similarly
double doubleValue( )
long longValue( )
int intValue( )

7/15/2025 187
Example…

Float.valueOf(param).floatValue();

• Param could be String or float number…

7/15/2025 188
import java.io.*;
class A1
{
int a, b;
public static void main(String args[])
{
A1 obj = new A1();
DataInputStream in = new DataInputStream(System.in);
String s = new String();
// String s = null;
try
{
s = in.readLine();
}
catch(IOException ie)
{ }

7/15/2025 189
try
{
obj.a = Integer.parseInt(s);
obj.b = obj.a + 20;
System.out.println("a=" + obj.a + " b=" + obj.b);
int c;
c=Integer.valueOf(s).intValue();
c=c+1;
System.out.println("c=" + c);
}
catch(NumberFormatException ne)
{
System.out.println("Number Format Not Proper");
}
}
}

7/15/2025 190
 Scanner Class
• The Scanner class is used to get user input, and it is found in the java.util package.
• To use the Scanner class, create an object of the class and use any of the available
methods found in the Scanner class documentation.
• import java.util.Scanner; // Import the Scanner class
class MyClass {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner myObj = new Scanner(System.in); // Create a Scanner object
System.out.println("Enter username");
String userName = myObj.nextLine(); // Read user input
System.out.println("Username is: " + userName); // Output user input

}
}

7/15/2025 191
 Vector Class
• The Vector class implements a growable array of objects.
Vectors basically fall in legacy classes but now it is fully
compatible with collections.
• Constructor:
– Vector(): Creates a default vector of initial capacity is 10.
– Vector(int size): Creates a vector whose initial capacity is
specified by size.
– Vector(int size, int incr): Creates a vector whose initial
capacity is specified by size and increment is specified by
incr. It specifies the number of elements to allocate each
time that a vector is resized upward.
– Vector(Collection c): Creates a vector that contains the
elements of collection c.
7/15/2025 192
• Vector defines three protected data member:
– int capacityIncreament: Contains the increment
value.
– int elementCount: Number of elements currently in
vector stored in it.
– Object elementData[]: Array that holds the vector is
stored in it.

7/15/2025 193
// Java code illustrating add() method
import java.util.*;
class Vector_demo {
public static void main(String[] arg)
{
// create default vector
Vector v = new Vector();
v.add(1);
v.add(2);
v.add("geeks");
v.add(“GITAM");
v.add(3);
System.out.println("Vector is " + v);
}
}
OUTPUT: [1, 2, geeks, GITAM, 3]
7/15/2025 194
 Thank You …

7/15/2025 195