CSE 1101
Structured Programming
Md Tajmilur Rahman
Lecturer
Dept. Of CSE, KUET
Lecture Topics
Lecture Topics No. of Lecture Topics No. of
classes classes
1. Introduction 1 7. Control statements (Loops) 2
2. Tokens, Data types and overflow 2 8. Functions 4
3. Variable and Constants 1 9. Variable length arguments 1
4. Operators 1 10. File handling 2
5. Type Conversions 1 11. Header files 1
6. Control statements (Branching) 2 12. Command line parameters 1
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What is programming?
Instruction: A single command that tells the computer what to do.
Program: A collection of instructions arranged to perform a specific
task or to solve a problem.
Programming Language: A formal language used to write
programs (set of instructions) that a computer can understand and
execute.
Examples: C, Python, Java, C++.
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Computer Languages
Human languages are known as natural languages.
Unfortunately, computers can not understand natural languages, as a
result we must communicate with computers using computer
languages. These languages are;
1. High Level Languages
2. Low Level Languages (Assembly Languages)
3. Machine Language
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Machine language
Machine Language: The lowest-level programming language
consisting only of binary codes (0s and 1s) that the computer’s
CPU can directly understand and execute.
Machine Language: “01101011 00101000”
Machine language is a collection of binary digits or bits that the
computer reads and interprets.
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Low Level Language(Assembly Language)
It uses mnemonic codes (short forms) for instructions and allows the
programmer to introduce names for blocks of memory that hold data.
Assembly language is designed to be easily translated into machine
language.
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High Level Language
A programming language that is close to human language and
easy to understand, write, and debug. It uses words, symbols, and
syntax instead of binary or assembly.
Examples: C, Python, Java, C++, JavaScript.
High-level languages are translated into machine language using a
compiler or interpreter so the computer can execute them.
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Program code converters
INTERPRETER:
Interpreter converts a source code , usually on a step-by-step, line-by
line and unit-by-unit basis into machine code.
COMPILER:
Compiler is a program that compile source code into executable
instructions that a computer can understand. Example: C compiler
ASSEMBLER: Assembler normally converts assembly language’s
source code into machine language. Example: GNU assembler
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Types of programming
Structured Programming (C)
Object-Oriented Programming (C++)
Logic/Declarative Programming (Prolog)
Functional/Applicative Programming (Lisp)
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Structured Programming
A programming style where a program is written by dividing it into small,
logical modules (functions/procedures) and using only control structures.
Each module is in turn divided into sub-modules until the resulting modules are
understood without further division. (Top down design)
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Control Structures
1. Sequence: Step by step execution
2. Selection: if, else if, else, switch-case
3. Iteration: loops
4. Module: Functions
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SEQUENCE
Statement 1 Statement 2 Statement 3 ...
sum = a + b; // Statement 1
printf("Sum = %d\n", sum); // Statement 2
printf("Program finished.\n"); // Statement 3
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SELECTION (Branch)
IF Condition THEN Statement1 ELSE Statement2
Statements1
Statement
Condition ...
Statements2
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LOOP(repetition)
WHILE ( Condition ) DO { Statement1 }
False
...
Condition
Body
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SUBPROGRAM(function)
SUBPROGRAM1 ...
SUBPROGRAM1
a meaningful collection
of SEQUENCES,
SELECTIONS, LOOPS
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The Four Stages of Compiling a C Program
1. Preprocessing
2. Compilation
3. Assembly
4. Linking
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Preprocessing
This is the first phase through which source code is passed. This phase
include:
1. Removal of Comments
2. Expansion of Macros
3. Expansion of the included files.
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Preprocessing
After preprocessing, filename.i is produced
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Compilation
In this stage, the preprocessed
code is translated to assembly
instructions
After compiling, filename.s is produced
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Assembly
During the assembly stage, an assembler is used to translate the
assembly instructions to machine code, or object code.
After assembling, filename.o is produced
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Linking
The linker will add the object code for the built-in function and some
extra work is done here.
1. Combines all object files.
2. Resolves external references (functions/variables).
3. Links required libraries.
4. Produces the final executable file.
After linking, filename.exe is produced
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Reference Books
1. Teach Yourself C – Herbert Schildt
2. Programming in ANSI C – E. Balagurusamy
3. Let Us C – Yashavant Kanetkar
4. C: The Complete Reference – Herbert Schildt
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