1.

Programs on Basic Concepts (Variables, Data Types, Operators, Control Statements)**

Q1:What are primitive data types in Java?

A:Primitive data types include byte, short, int, long, float, double, char, and boolean. They store
simple values directly in memory.

Q2: How is a ‘for’ loop different from a ‘while’ loop?

A: ‘for’ loops are used when the number of iterations is known. Initialization, condition, and
increment are part of the loop header. ‘while’ loops are used when iterations are based on a
condition checked before each iteration.

Q3: Describe the use of break and continue statements in loops.

A: `break` exits the loop completely. `continue` skips to the next iteration without executing the
remaining statements in the current loop.

Q4: What is the purpose of relational operators?

A:Relational operators (==, !=, >, <, >=, <=) compare two values and return a boolean result.
Q5: How do you control multiple conditions in Java?

A:Use logical operators (`&&`, `||`) and nested or cascading if-else statements to manage
multiple conditions.

2. Programs on Operations with Strings**

Q1: How do you compare two strings in Java?

A: Use the `equals()` method for value comparison. `==` compares reference (memory location).

Q2: What is the difference between String and StringBuilder?

A: A String is immutable, whereas StringBuilder is mutable and allows modification without

creating new objects.

Q3: How do you extract a substring from a string?

A: Use the `substring(int beginIndex, int endIndex)` method of the String class.

Q4: Which method converts a string to all uppercase letters?

A: The `toUpperCase()` method.

Q5: How do you check for a specific character or sequence in a string?

A: Use the `contains()` or `indexOf()` methods.

3. Programs using Classes and Objects (Constructors, Overloading, this keyword)**

Q1: What is a constructor?

A: A constructor is a special method that initializes objects when they are created.

Q2: How do you overload constructors?

A:By defining multiple constructors with different parameter lists in a class.

Q3: What is the purpose of the ‘this’ keyword?

A: ‘this’ refers to the current object and is used to access instance variables and methods.

Q4: Difference between static and instance variables?

A: Static variables are shared among all instances. Instance variables belong to each object.

Q5: Why encapsulate class members?

A: To restrict direct access and protect data, ensuring integrity.

4. Programs on Inheritance

Q1: What is inheritance?

A: Inheritance enables one class to acquire properties and methods of another (extends
keyword).

Q2: How is method overriding achieved?

A: By defining a method with the same signature in the subclass as in the parent class.

Q3: What does the ‘super’ keyword do?

A: ‘super’ refers to the parent class and is used to access or invoke parent class methods or
constructors.

Q4: Can constructors be inherited?

A: No, but a subclass can call a parent’s constructor using `super()`.

Q5: Difference between ‘extends’ and ‘implements’?

A: `extends` is used for classes to inherit classes; `implements` is used by classes to implement
interfaces.

5. Programs on Polymorphism**

Q1:What is polymorphism?

A: The ability of a method or object to take multiple forms. Achieved via method overloading
and overriding.

Q2. Explain method overloading.

A: Defining multiple methods with the same name but different parameter lists within a class.

Q3: What is method overriding?

A: Redefining a parent's method in the subclass with the same signature.

Q4: How does dynamic binding relate to polymorphism?

A: Dynamic (late) binding allows the JVM to decide the method to invoke at runtime, supporting
runtime polymorphism.
Q5: How are interfaces related to polymorphism?

A: Interfaces allow a class to implement multiple behaviors, supporting polymorphic code.

6. Programs on Abstract Classes and Interfaces**

Q1: What is an abstract class?

A: A class with one or more abstract methods, which must be implemented in child classes.

Q2: Why use interfaces?

A: For achieving full abstraction and multiple inheritance in Java.

Q3: Can abstract classes have constructors?

A: Yes, they can have constructors and non-abstract methods.

Q4: Can interfaces have concrete methods?

A:Prior to Java 8, no. From Java 8 onward, interfaces can have default and static methods.

Q5: What is the difference between abstract methods and interface methods?

A:Abstract class methods can have some implementation; interface methods are implicitly
abstract (no body in implementation until Java 8).

7. Programs on Packages and Access Modifiers**

Q1: What are packages?

A:Packages are namespaces for organizing classes and interfaces.

Q2: What is the use of access modifiers?

A: Control visibility of classes, fields, and methods (`private`, `protected`, `public`, default).

Q3:Difference between import statement and package declaration?

A: `package` defines the package for a class; `import` brings other packages/classes into scope.

Q4: Can you access private members outside the class?

A:No, private members are only accessible within the same class.

Q5: How do you create a user-defined package in Java?

A:Use `package packageName;` at the top of your Java file.

8. Programs on Exception Handling**

Q1: Why is exception handling needed?

A: To manage runtime errors and prevent application crashes.

Q2: How do you handle exceptions in Java?

A: Using try-catch blocks, and finally for cleanup.

Q3: What is a checked exception?

A:Exceptions that must be either caught or declared in the method signature.

Q4: How do you create a custom exception?

A: By extending the Exception or RuntimeException class.

Q5:What is the role of the finally block?

A:Executes code after try-catch, regardless of whether an exception was thrown.

9. Programs on File I/O**

Q1:How do you read a file in Java?

A. Use FileReader, BufferedReader, Scanner, or InputStream classes.

Q2:How do you write to a file?

A:Use FileWriter, BufferedWriter, or OutputStream classes.

Q3:What is serialization in File I/O?

A:Converting objects into a byte stream for storage or transmission.

Q4: What exceptions can occur during File I/O?

A:FileNotFoundException, IOException.

Q5: How do you close a file resource?

A: Use the `close()` method; with try-with-resources from Java 7, resources auto-close.

10. Programs on GUI (AWT/Applets/Swing)**

Q1:What is AWT in Java?

A:Abstract Window Toolkit; used for building graphical user interfaces.

Q2: What are Java applets?

A: Small Java applications that run in a web browser.

Q3: What is Swing?

A:A set of APIs for building advanced GUI components, offering more features than AWT.

Q4:How do you handle button clicks in GUI programs?

A: By implementing ActionListener interface and overriding `actionPerformed()` method.

Q5: What is the layout manager in Java GUI programming?

A: Classes (like BorderLayout, GridLayout, FlowLayout) that manage component positioning in

containers.