Unit – 11 Java Applications [8 Hrs.

About AWT & Swing

AWT and Swing both are used to create GUI interface in Java. Both of them are used to perform
almost same work, still they differ from each other.
Following are the differences between AWT and Swing:

AWT Swing

AWT stands for Abstract Window Toolkit. Swing is a part of Java Foundation Class (JFC).

AWT components are heavy weight. Swing components are light weight.
AWT components are platform dependent so Swing components are platform independent so
there look and feel changes according to OS. there look and feel remains constant.
AWT components are not very good in look Swing components are better in look and feel as
and feel as compared to Swing components. compared to AWT. See the button in below
See the button in below image, its look is not image, its look is better than button created
good as button created using Swing. using AWT.

JFrame(a top level window in Swing)

Whenever you create a graphical user interface with Java Swing functionality, you will
need a container for your application. In the case of Swing, this container is called a
JFrame. All GUI applications require a JFrame. In fact, some Applets even use a
JFrame. Why?

You can't build a house without a foundation. The same is true in Java: Without a
container in which to put all other elements, you won't have a GUI application. In
other words, the JFrame is required as the foundation or base container for all other
graphical components.

Java Swing applications can be run on any system that supports Java. These applications are
lightweight. This means that don't take up much space or use many system resources.

JFrame is a class in Java and has its own methods and constructors. Methods are functions
that impact the JFrame, such as setting the size or visibility. Constructors are run when the
instance is created: One constructor can create a blank JFrame, while another can create
it with a default title.
When a new JFrame is created, you actually create an instance of the JFrame class.
You can create an empty one, or one with a title. If you pass a string into the
constructor, a title is created as follows:

1. JFrame f = new JFrame();

2. // Or overload the constructor and give it a title:
3. JFrame f2 = new JFrame("The Twilight Zone");

JPanel in Swing
The JPanel is a simplest container class. It provides space in which an application can
attach any other component. It inherits the JComponents class. It doesn't have title bar.

JFrame f= new JFrame("Panel Example");

JPanel panel=new JPanel();
JLabel lbl=new JLabel(“Testing label”);
panel.add(lbl); f.add(panel);

Swing Components and Containers

A component is an independent visual control. Swing Framework contains a large set
of components which provide rich functionalities and allow high level of
customization. They all are derived from JComponent class. All these components are
lightweight components. This class provides some common functionality like
pluggable look and feel, support for accessibility, drag and drop, layout, etc.

A container holds a group of components. It provides a space where a component can be

managed and displayed. Containers are of two types:
1. Top level Containers
• It inherits Component and Container of AWT.
• It cannot be contained within other containers.
• Heavyweight.
• Example: JFrame, JDialog, JApplet
 2. Lightweight Containers
o It inherits JComponent class.
o It is a general-purpose container.
o It can be used to organize related components together.
o Example: JPanel

JButton
JButton is in implementation of a push button. It is used to trigger an action if the user
clicks on it. JButton can display a text, an icon, or both.
JButton btn=new JButton(“Click Me”);

JLabel
Label is a simple component for displaying text, images or both. It does not react to input
events.
JLabel lbl=new Label(“This is a label”);

JTextField
JTextField is a text component that allows editing of a single line of non-formatted text.
JTextField txt=new JTextField();

JCheckBox
JCheckBox is a box with a label that has two states: on and off. If the check box is
selected, it is represented by a tick in a box. A check box can be used to show or hide
a splashscreen at startup, toggle visibility of a toolbar etc.
JCheckBox chk1=new JCheckBox(“BCA”);
JCheckBox chk2=new JCheckBox(“BBA”);

JRadioButton
JRadioButton allows the user to select a single exclusive choice from a group of options. It
is used with the ButtonGroup component.

JRadioButton rad1=new JRadioButton (“Male”);

JRadioButton red2=new JRadioButton (“Female”);
ButtonGroup grp=new ButtonGroup();
grp.add(rad1);
grp.add(rad2);

JComboBox
JComboBox is a component that combines a button or editable field and a drop-down
list. The user can select a value from the drop-down list, which appears at the user's
request. If you make the combo box editable, then the combo box includes an
editable field into which the user can type a value.

String arr[]={“BCA”,”BBA”,”MCA”,”MBA”};
JComboBox cmb=new JComboBox(arr);

//or
JComboBox<String> cmb=new JComboBox<String>();
cmb.addItem(“BCA”);
cmb.addItem(“BBA”);
cmb.addItem(“MCA”);
cmb.addItem(“MBA”);

JList
JList is a component that displays a list of objects. It allows the user to select one or more
items.
String arr[]={“BCA”,”BBA”,”MCA”,”MBA”};
JList cmb=new JList(arr);

JTextArea
A JTextArea is a multiline text area that displays plain text. It is lightweight component
for working with text. The component does not handle scrolling. For this task, we use
JScrollPane component.
JTextArea txt=new JTextArea();

JTable
The JTable class is a part of Java Swing Package and is generally used to display or edit
twodimensional data that is having both rows and columns. It is similar to a
spreadsheet. This arranges data in a tabular form.

// Data to be displayed in the JTable

String[][] data = {
{"Kundan Kumar Jha", "4031", "CSE" },
{"Anand Jha", "6014", "IT" }
};
// Column Names
String[] columnNames = {"Name", "Roll Number", "Department"};
// Initializing the JTable
JTable j = new JTable(data, columnNames);
JMenu
The JMenuBar class is used to display menubar on the window or frame. It may have several
menus.
The object of JMenu class is a pull down menu component which is displayed from the menu
bar. It inherits the JMenuItem class.
The object of JMenuItem class adds a simple labeled menu item. The items used in a menu
must belong to the JMenuItem or any of its subclass.

JMenuBar mb=new JMenuBar();

JMenu menu1=new JMenu(“Courses”);
JMenuItem item1=new JMenuItem(“BCA”);
JMenuItem item2=newJMenuItem(“BBA”);
menu1.add(item1);
menu1.add(item2);
mb.add(menu1);

Dialog Boxes in Swing

Dialog windows or dialogs are an indispensable part of most modern GUI applications.
A dialog is defined as a conversation between two or more persons. In a computer
application a dialog is a window which is used to "talk" to the application. A dialog is
used to input data, modify data, change the application settings etc. Dialogs are
important means of communication between a user and a computer program.

In Java Swing, we can create two kinds of dialogs: standard dialogs and custom
dialogs. Custom dialogs are created by programmers. They are based on the JDialog
class. Standard dialogs are predefined dialogs available in the Swing toolkit, for
example the JColorChooser or the JFileChooser. These are dialogs for common
programming tasks like showing text, receiving input, loading and saving files. They
save programmer's time and enhance using some standard behaviour.

Modal and Modeless Dialog

There are two basic types of dialogs: modal and modeless. Modal dialogs block input
to other top-level windows. Modeless dialogs allow input to other windows. An open
file dialog is a good example of a modal dialog. While choosing a file to open, no other
operation should be permitted. A typical modeless dialog is a find text dialog. It is
handy to have the ability to move the cursor in the text control and define, where to
start the finding of the particular text.

Standard Dialog Example – Message Box

Message dialogs are simple dialogs that provide information to the user. Message dialogs
are created with the JOptionPane.showMessageDialog() method.
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,”This is a test message”);

Custom Dialog Creation

JDialog jd=new JDialog();
jd.setTitle("This is a Test Dialog");
JLabel lbl=new JLabel("Do you want to exit? ");
jd.add(lbl);
JButton yes=new JButton("Yes");
jd.add(yes);

Layout Management
In Java swing, Layout manager is used to position all its components, with setting
properties, such as the size, the shape and the arrangement. Following are the
different types of layout managers:
1. Flow Layout
2. Border layout
3. Grid Layout

Flow Layout
The FlowLayout arranges the components in a directional flow, either from left to
right or from right to left. Normally all components are set to one row, according to
the order of different components. If all components cannot be fit into one row, it
will start a new row and fit the rest in.

import javax.swing.*;
import
java.awt.FlowLayout;

public class FlowLayoutExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
//Create and set up a frame window
JFrame frame = new JFrame("Layout");
//Define new buttons
JButton jb1 = new JButton("Button 1");
JButton jb2 = new JButton("Button 2");
JButton jb3 = new JButton("Button 3");

//Define the panel to hold the buttons

JPanel panel = new JPanel();
panel.setLayout(new FlowLayout()); //setting flowlayout

panel.add(jb1);
panel.add(jb2);
 panel.add(jb3);
//Set the window to be visible as the default to be false
frame.add(panel);
frame.pack();
frame.setVisible(true);
}
}

Border Layout
A BorderLayout lays out a container, arranging its components to fit into five regions:
NORTH, SOUTH, EAST, WEST and CENTER. For each region, it may contain no more
than one component. When adding different components, you need to specify the
orientation of it to be the one of the five regions.
For BorderLayout, it can be constructed like below:
• BorderLayout(): construct a border layout with no gaps between components.
• BorderLayout(int hgap, int vgap): construct a border layout with specified gaps
between components.
//Define new buttons with different regions
JButton jb1 = new JButton("NORTH");
JButton jb2 = new JButton("SOUTH");
JButton jb3 = new JButton("WEST");
JButton jb4 = new JButton("EAST");
JButton jb5 = new JButton("CENTER");

// Define the panel to hold the

buttons JPanel panel = new JPanel();
panel.setLayout(new BorderLayout());
panel.add(jb1, BorderLayout.NORTH);
panel.add(jb2, BorderLayout.SOUTH);
panel.add(jb3, BorderLayout.WEST);
panel.add(jb4, BorderLayout.EAST);
panel.add(jb5, BorderLayout.CENTER);
Grid Layout
The GridLayout manager is used to lay out the components in a rectangle grid,
which has been divided into equal-sized rectangles and one component is placed in
each rectangle. It can constructed with following methods:
• GridLayout(): construct a grid layout with one column per component in a single
row.
• GridLayout(int row, int col): construct a grid layout with specified numbers of
rows and columns.
• GridLayout(int row, int col, int hgap, int vgap): construct a grid layout with
specified rows, columns and gaps between components.

//Define new buttons

JButton jb1 = new JButton("Button 1");
JButton jb2 = new JButton("Button 2");
JButton jb3 = new JButton("Button 3");
JButton jb4 = new JButton("Button 4");
JButton jb5 = new JButton("Button 5");

//Define the panel to hold the buttons

JPanel panel = new JPanel();
panel.setLayout(new GridLayout(3, 2));

panel.add(jb1); panel.add(jb2); panel.add(jb3); panel.add(jb4);

panel.add(jb5);

MDI using JDesktop Pane and JInternal Frame

MDI- Multi Document Interface
The JDesktopPane class, can be used to create "multi-document" applications. A multi
document application can have many windows included in it. The JDesktopPane is a
container which is used to create a multiple-document interface or a virtual desktop.
The JFrame inside the desktop becomes JInternalFrame. JInternalFrame is used just
like the JFrame but is added to JDesktopPane object.
JDesktopPane jd=new JDesktopPane();

JInternalFrame frame1=new JInternalFrame("Internal

Frame1",true,true,true,true);
frame1.setLayout(null);
frame1.setSize(200,100);
frame1.setVisible(true);

JInternalFrame frame2=new JInternalFrame("Internal

Frame2",true,true,true,true);
frame2.setLayout(null);
frame2.setSize(200,100);
frame2.setVisible(true);

JInternalFrame frame3=new JInternalFrame("Internal

Frame3",true,true,true,true);
frame3.setLayout(null);
frame3.setSize(200,100);
frame3.setVisible(true);
jd.add(frame1);
jd.add(frame2);
jd.add(frame3);

Event Handling
Any program that uses GUI (graphical user interface) such as Java application written
for windows, is event driven. Event describes the change in state of any object. For
Example: Pressing a button, entering a character in Textbox, Clicking or Dragging a
mouse, etc.

Event handling has three main components,

• Events: An event is a change in state of an object.
• Events Source: Event source is an object that generates an event.
• Listeners: A listener is an object that listens to the event. A listener gets notified when
an event occurs.

How Events are handled?

A source generates an Event and send it to one or more listeners registered with the
source. Once event is received by the listener, they process the event and then return.
Events are supported by a number of Java packages, like java.util, java.awt and
java.awt.event.
Important Event Classes and Interface
Event Classes Description Listener Interface
ActionEvent generated when button is pressed, menu- ActionListener
item is selected, list-item is double clicked
MouseEvent generated when mouse is dragged, MouseListener
moved,clicked,pressed or released and also
when it enters or exit a component
KeyEvent generated when input is received KeyListener
from keyboard
ItemEvent generated when check-box or list item is ItemListener
clicked
TextEvent generated when value of textarea or TextListener
textfield is changed
MouseWheelEvent generated when mouse wheel is moved MouseWheelListener
WindowEvent generated when window is WindowListener
activated, deactivated, deiconified,
iconified, opened or closed
ComponentEvent generated when component is hidden, ComponentEventListener
moved, resized or set visible
ContainerEvent generated when component is added or ContainerListener
removed from container
AdjustmentEvent generated when scroll bar is manipulated AdjustmentListener
FocusEvent generated when component gains or loses FocusListener
keyboard focus

Example of ActionListener
JButton btn=new JButton(“Click Here”);
btn.addActionListener(new ActionListener(){
pubic void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae) {
//event handing code here
}
});
Example of ItemListener
JComboBox cmb=new JComboBox(arr);
cmb.addItemListener(new ItemListener() {
pubic void actionPerformed(ItemEvent ie) {
if(ie.getStateChange() == ItemEvent.SELECTED)
//event handing code here
}
});
Keyboard and Mouse Events
The Java MouseListener is notified whenever you change the state of mouse. It is
notified against MouseEvent. The MouseListener interface is found in java.awt.event
package. It has five methods.
void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e);
void mouseEntered(MouseEvent e);
void mouseExited(MouseEvent e);
void mousePressed(MouseEvent e);
void mouseReleased(MouseEvent e);

Mouse Event Example

import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;

public class MouseListenerExample extends JFrame implements MouseListener

{
JLabel lbl;

MouseListenerExample()
{
addMouseListener(this);
lbl=new JLabel();
lbl.setBounds(20,50,100,20);
add(lbl);
setSize(300,300);
setLayout(null);
setVisible(true);
}

public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e)

{
lbl.setText("Mouse Clicked");
}

public void mouseEntered(MouseEvent e)

{
lbl.setText("Mouse Entered");
}
 public void mouseExited(MouseEvent e)
{
lbl.setText("Mouse Exited");
}

public void mousePressed(MouseEvent e)

{
lbl.setText("Mouse Pressed");
}

public void mouseReleased(MouseEvent e)

{
lbl.setText("Mouse Released");
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

new MouseListenerExample();
}
}

The Java KeyListener is notified whenever you change the state of key. It is notified
against KeyEvent. The KeyListener interface is found in java.awt.event package. It has
three methods.
void keyPressed(KeyEvent e);
void keyReleased(KeyEvent e);
void keyTyped(KeyEvent e);

Key Event Example

import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;
public class KeyListenerExample extends JFrame implements KeyListener{
JLabel lbl;
JTextArea area;

KeyListenerExample()
{
lbl=new JLabel();
lbl.setBounds(20,50,100,20);
area=new JTextArea();
area.setBounds(20,80,300, 300);
area.addKeyListener(this);
add(lbl);
add(area);
setSize(400,400);
setLayout(null);
setVisible(true);
}
public void keyPressed(KeyEvent e) {
lbl.setText("Key Pressed");
}
public void keyReleased(KeyEvent e) {
lbl.setText("Key Released");
}

public void keyTyped(KeyEvent e) {

lbl.setText("Key Typed");
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

new KeyListenerExample();
}
}
Java Swing Examples

Example 1

import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;

public class SwingExample{

SwingExample(){
JFrame jframe=new JFrame("This App contains almost all Elements of Swing");
jframe.setSize(600, 500);
jframe.setLocationRelativeTo(null);
jframe.setLayout(null);
jframe.setVisible(true);

//Name
JLabel lblName=new JLabel("Name: ");
lblName.setBounds(30, 12, 150, 10);
jframe.add(lblName);
JTextField txtName=new JTextField();
txtName.setBounds(100, 10, 150, 20);
jframe.add(txtName);

//Address
JLabel lblAddress=new JLabel("Address: ");
lblAddress.setBounds(300, 12, 150, 10);
jframe.add(lblAddress);

JTextField txtAddress=new JTextField();

txtAddress.setBounds(370, 10, 150, 20);
jframe.add(txtAddress);

//Class
JLabel lblClass=new JLabel("Class: ");

lblClass.setBounds(30, 60, 150, 10);

jframe.add(lblClass);

JComboBox<String> cmbClass=new JComboBox<String>();

cmbClass.addItem("Select Class");
cmbClass.addItem("BCA");
cmbClass.addItem("BBA");
cmbClass.addItem("MCA");
cmbClass.addItem("MBA");

/*String[] clas= {"BCA","BBA"};

JComboBox cmbClass=new JComboBox(clas);*/

cmbClass.setBounds(100, 55, 150, 20);

//cmbClass.setEditable(true);
jframe.add(cmbClass);

//Gender
JLabel lblSex=new JLabel("Gender: ");
lblSex.setBounds(300,60,80,10);
jframe.add(lblSex);

ButtonGroup group1=new ButtonGroup();

JRadioButton chkMale=new
JRadioButton("Male",true);
chkMale.setBounds(360, 55, 70, 20);
jframe.add(chkMale);
group1.add(chkMale);
 JRadioButton chkFemale = new
JRadioButton("Female");
chkFemale.setBounds(430, 55, 70, 20);
jframe.add(chkFemale);
group1.add(chkFemale);

//Shift
JLabel lblShift=new JLabel("Shift: ");
lblShift.setBounds(30,100,80,10);
jframe.add(lblShift);

String[] shift= {"Morning","Day","Evening"};

JList list1=new JList(shift);
list1.setBounds(100, 100, 100, 60);
jframe.add(list1);

//Remarks
JLabel lblRemarks=new JLabel("Remarks: ");
lblRemarks.setBounds(300,100,80,10);
jframe.add(lblRemarks);

JTextArea txtArea = new JTextArea();

txtArea.setBounds(400, 100, 150, 100);
jframe.add(txtArea);

//JTable
String data[][]={ {"101","Amit","670000"},
{"102","Jai","780000"},
{"101","Sachin","700000"}};
String column[]={"ID","NAME","SALARY"};
JTable jt=new JTable(data,column);
JScrollPane sp=new JScrollPane(jt);

sp.setBounds(30,200,250,80);
jframe.add(sp);

JButton click=new JButton("Submit");

click.setBounds(200,300,100,30);

jframe.add(click);

//creating menu
JMenuBar mb=new JMenuBar();
mb.setBounds(30, 350, 200, 20);
JMenu menu1=new JMenu("File");
JMenuItem item1,item3;

item1=new JMenuItem("New");
JMenu item2=new JMenu("Open");
JMenuItem i1,i2;
i1=new JMenuItem("Open Project");
i2=new JMenuItem("Open File");

item2.add(i1);
item2.add(i2);
item3=new JMenuItem("Close");

menu1.add(item1);
menu1.add(item2);
menu1.add(item3);
mb.add(menu1);

JMenu menu2=new JMenu("Edit");

JMenuItem it1,it2;
it1=new JMenuItem("Copy");
it2=new JMenuItem("Paste");
menu2.add(it1);
menu2.add(it2);
mb.add(menu2);
jframe.add(mb);

click.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae)
{
//get textfield
String name=txtName.getText();

//get combo
String clas=cmbClass.getSelectedItem().toString();

//get radio + checkbox (same process)

String gender="";
if(chkMale.isSelected())
gender=chkMale.getText();
else
gender=chkFemale.getText();

//getList
String shift=list1.getSelectedValuesList().toString();
 //get textarea
String remarks=txtArea.getText();
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "Remarks: "+remarks);
}
});
//can use action listener also
cmbClass.addItemListener(new ItemListener()
{
public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent e) {
if(e.getStateChange()==ItemEvent.SELECTED)
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,
cmbClass.getSelectedItem().toString());
}
}
});

// listener on menu item

//can use item listener also
item1.addActionListener(new ActionListener()
{
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae) {
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,
item1.getText().toString()+" Clicked!");
}
});

public static void main(String[] args) {

SwingUtilities.invokeLater(new Runnable() {
public void run() {
new SwingExample();
}
});
}
}
Example 2

import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.event.*;

public class SwingDemo {

SwingDemo(){
JFrame jframe=new JFrame("This is a simple JFrame App");
jframe.setSize(400, 300);
jframe.setLocationRelativeTo(null);
jframe.getContentPane().setLayout(null);
jframe.setVisible(true);

JLabel lbl1=new JLabel("First Number:");

lbl1.setBounds(20, 10, 100, 10);
jframe.add(lbl1);

JTextField txt1=new JTextField();

txt1.setBounds(120, 10, 120, 20);
jframe.add(txt1);

JLabel lbl2=new JLabel("Second Number:");

lbl2.setBounds(20, 50, 100, 10);
jframe.add(lbl2);

JTextField txt2=new JTextField();

txt2.setBounds(120, 50, 120, 20);
jframe.add(txt2);

JLabel lbl3=new JLabel("Result: ");

//lbl3.setText("Result: ");
lbl3.setBounds(20,80,100,30);
jframe.add(lbl3);
 JButton btn=new JButton("Calculate");
btn.setBounds(100, 120, 100, 30);
jframe.add(btn);

btn.addActionListener(new ActionListener()
{
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae)
{
String first1=txt1.getText();
String second1=txt2.getText();

int a,b,c;
a=Integer.parseInt(first1);
b=Integer.parseInt(second1);
c=a+b;
lbl3.setText("Result: "+c);
//JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "Addition= "+c);

}
});
}

public static void main(String[] args)

{
SwingUtilities.invokeLater(new Runnable()
{
public void run()
{
new SwingDemo();
}
});
}
}

***