J D EDUCATION CENTRE

BASIC CONCEPTS OF PYTHON

Python inbuilt functions : Built-in functions in Python are a collection of pre-defined

functions that are always available for use. Some common use functions are

1. abs() – this function return absolute value of a number by removing positive and
negative sign.
for example:
a=10
b= -20
print(“a=”,a)
print(“b=”,b)
output:
a=10
b=20

2. chr() : this function returns an ASCII character of the corresponding unicode pass to
the function. ASCII codes of A toZ are 65-90 and ASCII codes of a to z are 97-122
and ASCII codes of digits 0 to 9 are 48-57.

for example:
print(chr(65)) ---- A
print(chr(70)) ---- F
print(chr(105)) ---- i

3. ord() : this function returns Unicode of ASCII character pass to the function.

for example:
print(ord(“B”)) ---- 66
print(chr(“Z”)) ---- 90
print(chr(“5”)) ---- 53

4. int() – this function is used to convert any string , float value as integer.
for example:
a=25.56
print(int(a)) ------- 25
b=25.36
print(int(b)) ------- 25
c=25.50
print(int(a)) ------- 25
a=int(input(“enter a value:”))
print(a) ------- value input by user converted into integer

5. float() – this function is used to convert any string , integer value as float.
for example:
a=25
print(float(a)) ------- 25.0
b=float(input(“enter a value:”))
print(b) ------- value input by user converted into float

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6. input() – this function is use to accept any value from user on console
for example:
a=input(“enter your city”)
print(a)

7. print() – this function is use to print any value on console. print function have sep and
end attributes. Print function have been discussed above.

8. len() – this function is used to find the length of ay string.

for example:
a=”ashish”
print(len(a)) --------- 6

9. max() – this function returns largest number from the list of values.

print(max(10,15,9,55,20) -------- 55

10. min() – this function returns smallest number from the list of values.

print(min(10,15,9,55,20) -------- 9

11. pow() – this function returns the value of x to the power value y

for example:
print(pow(10,3)) ------------- 1000

12. range(startvalue , stop value , increment / decrement) – this function is mostly used
to executes loops in python , loop starts from the given start value and stop as it reach
to the endvalue. By default increment value is 1.

for example:
for i in range(1,11,1):
print(“Kanpur”)

output : the above loop will print string “Kanpur” 10 times

13. round() – this function rounds up a floating value to an integer value.

for example :
print(round(25.63)) ----- 26
print(round(25.36))------25
print(round(25.50))------25

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14. slice() - slice function is used to extract a selected part of string , list , tupple. You can
specify where to start the slicing, and where to end. You can also specify the step, which
allows you to slice.

for example:
“extract substring from string”
city="kanpur"
ex=city[slice(1,5,1)]
print("substring extracted from string=",ex)

output:
substring extracted from string= anpu

“extract substring from list”

city=["kanpur","lucknow","delhi","unnao","varanasi","merrut"]
ex=city[slice(1,5,1)]
print("substring extracted from list=",ex)

output:
substring extracted from list= ['lucknow', 'delhi', 'unnao', 'varanasi']

“extract substring from tupple”

city=("kanpur","lucknow","delhi","unnao","varanasi","merrut")
ex=city[slice(1,5,2)]
print("substring extracted from tuple=",ex)

output:
substring extracted from tuple= ('lucknow', 'unnao')

15. sorted() : this function returns the list of unsorted items in ascending or descending
order.
for example:
name=[‘amit’,’manish’,’dinesh’,’akhilesh’,’suresh’,’rajesh’]
sname=sorted(name)
print(sname)
output: in ascending order
['akhilesh', 'amit', 'dinesh', 'manish', 'suresh']
name=('amit','manish','dinesh','akhilesh','suresh')
sname=sorted(name,reverse=True)
print(sname)
output : in descending order
['suresh', 'manish', 'dinesh', 'amit', 'akhilesh']

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16. str() – this function converts any value into a string value.
for example:
a=str(25.37)
print(a) -------- “25.37”
type(a)--------<class string>

17. type() – this function return the data type of a variable.

for example:
a = ('apple', 'banana', 'cherry')
b = "Hello World"
c = 33
pie=3.14
flag=True
print(type(a))
print(type(b))
print(type(c))
print(type(pie))
print(type(flag))
output:
<class 'tuple'>
<class 'str'>
<class 'int'>
<class 'float'>
<class 'bool'>

18. capitalize() – this function converts the first letter of string into uppercase the rest letters
will be in lower case.
for example:
st=’hello welcome to my world’
a=st.capitalize()
print(a)
output: “Hello welcome to my world”

st=’HELLO WELCOME TO MY WORLD’

a=st.capitalize()
print(a)
output: “Hello welcome to my world”

19. casefold() : this function converts the whole string into lower case

st=’HELLO WELCOME TO MY WORLD’

a=st.casefold()
print(a)
output: “hello welcome to my world”

st=’HELLO welcome TO my world’

a=st.casefold()
print(a)
output: “hello welcome to my world”

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20. upper() – this function converts the whole string into upper case.
st=’HELLO welcome TO my world’
a=st.upper()
print(a)
output: “HELLO WELCOME TO MY WORLD”

21. title()- converts the first letter of each word in upper case.
st=’HELLO welcome TO my world’
a=st.title()
print(a)
output: “Hello Welcome To My World”

22. swapcase() – converts lower case to uppercase and vice versa.

st=’HELLO welcome TO my WORLD’
a=st.swapcase()
print(a)
output: “hello Welcome to My world”

23. strip() – this function removes extra space from string from the beginning and end of
string except others.
txt = " banana "
x = txt.strip()
print("of all fruits", x, "is my favorite")

24. startswith()- The startswith() method returns True if the string starts with the specified
value, otherwise False. It is a case sensitive
syntax of function:

string.startswith(“string”,start pos , end pos)

for example:
txt = "Hello, welcome to my world."
x = txt.startswith("Hello")
print(x)
output : True

txt = "Hello, welcome to my world."

x = txt.startswith("wel")
print(x)
output : False

txt = "Hello, welcome to my world."

x = txt.startswith("HELLO")
print(x)
output : False

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25. replace()-The replace() method replaces a specified phrase with another specified
phrase.
for example:
txt = "I like bananas"
x = txt.replace("bananas", "apples")
print(x)
output: I like apples

26. count()-The count() method returns the number of times a specified value appears in the
string.

txt = "I love apples, apple are my favorite fruit"

x = txt.count("apple")
print(x)
output = 2
27. boo() – this function returns True when the variable or object is not empty ,NONE, 0 ,
blank else return False.
print(bool(10)) # Output: True
print(bool(0)) # Output: False
print(bool("hello")) # Output: True
print(bool("")) # Output: False
print(bool([1, 2])) # Output: True
print(bool([])) # Output: False
print(bool(None)) # Output: False

28. isalnum() - The isalnum() method returns True if all the characters are alphanumeric,
meaning alphabet letter (a-z) and numbers (0-9). Special characters are not allowed
txt = "Company 12"
x = txt.isalnum()
print(x)

output: False ( because space is a special character)

29. isdigit() - The isdigit() method returns True if all the characters in the string are (0-9)
digits.
txt = "123456"
x = txt.isdigit()
print(x)
output: True

30. isalpha() - The isalpha() method returns True if all the characters in the string are
alphabets.
txt = "abcdefg"
x = txt.isalpha()
print(x)
output: True

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31. isdigit() - The isdigit() method returns True if all the characters in the string are integers.
txt = "123"
x = txt.isdigit()
print(x)

output: True

txt = "1234.35"
x = txt.isdigit()
print(x)
output: False

32. islower() – the islower() method returns True if all characters of string in lowercase
txt=”KANPUR”
x=txt.islower()
print(x)
output : False

txt=”kanpur”
x=txt.islower()
print(x)
output : True

33. isupper() – the isupper() method returns True if all characters of string in upper case
txt=”KANPUR”
x=txt.isupper()
print(x)
output : True

txt=”kanpur”
x=txt.isupper()
print(x)
output : False

34. istitle() – the istitle() method returns True if first character of each word in string is in
upper case

txt=”My City Is Kanpur”

x=txt.istitle()
print(x)
output : True

txt=”my city is KANPUR”

x=txt.istitle()
print(x)
output : False

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35. isspace() – return true if the string is blank

x="KANPUR"
print(x.isspace())
output : False

x=" "
print(x.isspace())
output : True

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