WEEK-1 & 2 Signals & Systems (P)

INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB

https://www.mathworks.com/products/matlab.html
• Matrix CALCULATOR
• Matrix is the basic data element
WHY MATLAB? (advantages)
MATLAB is high-level languages and mathematical programming environments for:
• Interactive Mathematical Calculations
• Visualization: availability of graphical tools (2D and 3D color graphics)
• Programming, algorithm development & Easy to use: gives integrated editor/debugger to
write, modify, debug the program,
• Numerical computation: linear algebra, optimization, control, statistics, signal and image
processing, etc.
• Auto dimensioning - Eliminates data type declarations
• Various In- Built Functions
• m-file --- two types: m- function file and m script files
1. m- Function file: In- Built Functions
– User can use these functions to perform a task
– It is ASCII files containing the algorithms
– Algorithms on specific topics such as Control Systems, Signal Processing,
Neural Network, Fuzzy Logic, Communication, etc.
– User can create their own function files using appropriate
commands
2. m - script files
o Editing / coding text pad: Here, the user can code /edit various lines here, using
various MATLAB commands / bult-in m-function files
o It is convenient to modify and save a script m-file each time if a change of
parameters is desired.
• Function m-files provide a sensible alternative. Unlike script m-files, function m-files
can accept input arguments as well as return outputs.
✓ Basics of MATLAB workspace
How to run MATLAB in Lab
• Open to the Windows operating environment.
• Create a new folder in the desktop and rename it with your roll number and open that
folder.
• Double-click the ‘MATLAB’ icon; this will route the terminal to the MATLAB Command
Window directly, to a MATLAB prompt.
• There are generally 3 sub-windows. They are Command Window, Current Folder or
(Files), Variables (Workspace).

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• Command Window is the platform to work with MATLAB. It is necessary to route this
Command Window to the above-created directory (folder) by using the change directory
“cd” command. Use pwd (present working directory) OR ls (list files) commands if
necessary.
• One may see >> (prompt) in the Command Window. One may type MATLAB commands
here one by one. OR
• Select the “HOME” menu on the top left corner and under this click “New Script”. An
editor window will appear named “untitledx”, where x refers to numbers 1, 2, 3… and the
Command Window will be pushed to bottom.
• One may type MATLAB commands in this blank editor window “untitledx” by selecting
it.
• It is compulsory to save it by selecting “Save” OR “Save As” under top middle menu
“EDITOR” by giving a convenient name. This will be the script “m-file”. While saving,
make sure that one should save the “m-script file” in your created “folder” on the desktop
for later easy access.
NOTE: Do not give the name with only numbers or only letters. Preferred one is
convenient letters followed by numbers. This is to avoid the any clash between built-in
function “m-file” with the created “m-script file”.
• This is a window to edit/write MATLAB code/codes. Then it can be compiled and used for
running as the program code.
• By using the appropriate commands, one can invoke various activities/built-in functions
/create variables, etc.
✓ Creating m-script files or editor window -- second method
▪ Inside the opened folder (your roll No.), create a new file by right clicking and selecting
new document and empty document. This will create a new file.
▪ Rename the file with some filename with an extension .m E.g. :- filename1.m {Do not
give name with only numbers or only letters. Preferred one is convenient letters
followed by numbers. This is to avoid the any clash between built-in function
“function m-file” with the created “m-script file.} Example: MATLAB has the function
file named “poly.m”. If poly.m is used to save as one of the m-script files, then whenever
any built-in commands are used which may internally uses this function file “poly.m”,
the MATLAB compiler have a confusion in execution. It leads to an error output,
which is very difficult to debug.
▪ Type the required sequence of MATLAB commands in this “m-script file” and save it.
▪ To run/execute this m-script file, click on the MATLAB Command Window and type
only the filename {without .m extension} OR use “Run” button in top menu in “Editor”.
▪ When “m-script file” runs, MATLAB execute the commands in the order they are written
just as if they were typed in the MATLAB Command Window.
▪ To exit the “m-script file”, click on top right corner “close” (×) button in the Editor
window.

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 ▪ You can also use Ctrl C to come out in the half the way of the program execution, or
infinite loops, or if any.
NOTE : Do not give the “m-script file” name same as built-in “function m-file” name.
Examples: To create a matrix and find the inverse and determinant. Following is the code.
Create an m-script file and save it as “ex1.m”. Then type the following,
clear, clc,
% To compute inverse of a matrix and Determinant
A = [1 2 9; 4 4 6;7 8 7];
disp(‘The inverse and determinant of matrix A is:’)
A_inverse = inv(A)
clc - used to clear the command window
A_determinant = det(A) clear-used to clear the workspace
Note: 2nd line is the “comment line”, and A, A_inverse, and A_determinant are the variables.
✓ Various commands helpful to work with MATLAB in are:
who whos clc clear load save path pause help lookfor edit etc.
❖ HELP OR DOC
If we know the name of a MATLAB function and would like to know how to use it, we
write the following command in the command window: > help > help sin e.t.c.
If we do not know exactly the keyword of any built-in function file, and to find it one
may use “lookfor”. Eg: inverse, we write:
>> lookfor inverse similarly, >> lookfor sine
It convenient to use ‘help’ command, for quick reference.
>help ‘--list’ will give the list of topics related to help.
• Familiarize the following useful commands in the MATLAB:
>who lists variables in workspace
>whos lists variables and their sizes
>clc clear command window
>clear clear workspace
>save session1 a b to save variables a & b of the workspace in session1
>load session1 to load variables to workspace
>disp (‘I have successfully completed MATLAB basics’)
> R = input ('How many apples’) ----> gives the user the prompt in the text string and
then waits for input from the keyboard.
✓ Saving the contents of the variable to “dat” file:
There are two approaches:
First approach: Let a and b are variables
> save myfile.dat a b ---- > saves a, b in myfile.dat --- > This will save the contents
of the variables “a” and “b” in binary form, which manually cannot be modified.

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 One can see the file contents by opening it in notepad/text environment but cannot
comprehend anything from it.
Second approach:
> save myfile.dat a b -ascii ---- > saves a, b in myfile.dat --- > This will save the
contents of the variables in ascii form, which can be manually modified .
One can see the file contents by opening it in notepad/text environment and
add/delete/append the values.
>load myfile.dat a b ------ > is used for loading the contents to workspace. Here, the
contents of a and b are loaded into a new variable, myfile.
❖ MATLAB as calculator
>pi^pi-10;
>cos(pi/4);
√2 √2
>ans*ans; the result will be × = ½ because the first output is eliminated,
2 2
only last output is kept in the form of “ans”.
➢ ELEMENTARY MATRIX OPERATIONS (Quick Reference)
✓ Entering Arrays/Matrices with real elements (use of : operator)
M = [first:increment:last] -----> Array with elements
M = linspace(first,last,n) -----> Array with n elements linearly spaced
M = logspace(first,last,n) -----> Array with n elements logarithmically spaced
To Enter an Array
>M = 0:1:5 = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5] >M = linspace(1,5,3) = [1,3,5]
>M = logspace(1,5,3) = [10,1000,100000] >M = [(2+4/5), sqrt(2.8), 4.2,7]
To Enter a matrix with real elements
>M = [1 2 3; 4 5 6] >M = [1,2,3; sqrt(2.8),5.2,5e-2]
✓ Vectorization
There are two approaches :
First approach:
> sine = [ ]; %initializes all values of vector s to zero
> for t = 0:5 %note that the index must be integer
> sine(t+1) = sin(0.2*pi*t); %since we want values of s every 0.2 s we must
multiply t by 0.2.
>end
Here, variables “t” and “sine” are arrays and containing respective values.
sin(.) is the built-in function m-file.
Note also that for t = 0 the output value computed is stored in variable “sine” in index
“1”. Hence “t+1” is used is index and index of the array always starts counting from 1
in MATLAB not from “0”.
Second approach:
> t = 0:0.2:1
> sine = sin(0.2*pi*t)
The result of these two commands generate sine values in variable “sine” (sine function) at
time instants (value of n) 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.4, 1.

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This approach is preferable since MATLAB executes faster with the vectorization
Entering matrices with complex elements
a = 2 + 5i ------> complex number
A = [5+3j 7+8j; 9+2j 6+5j] -----> 22 complex matrix
A = [1 2;3 4] + i*[5 6;7 8]

• Matrix generation functions

>>[ ] Empty matrix >>zeros(3) 3×3 matrix of zeros
>>ones(2) 2×2 matrix of ones >>eye(3) identity matrix of size 3
>>rand(3) 3×3 matrix of random numbers

- Practice the following examples:

Given Matrix A = [1 2 9; 4 4 6;7 8 7] B = [3 6 9;2 4 6;1 2 3],
Accessing sub-matrices >>A(1:2,2:3); >>A(1,:); >>B(:,2)
Concatenating two matrices >>D=[A B]; >>E=[A;B]
Adding a row >>A(4,:)=[1 1 0]

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>>B(:,2)=[ ] Deleting a column
>>A(3) accesses the third element of A.
>>A([1 2 3]) is the first three elements of A.
>>A([sqrt(2), sqrt(3), 4*atan(1)]). ???
If A has N components, >>A(N:-1:1) reverses them.
>>A([1,5],:) = A([5,1],:) interchanges rows 1 and 5 of A.
✓ MATRIX Manipulations / Functions /operations
- Given Matrix A (square)
A’ -----> Transpose of a matrix
inv(A) -----> inverse of a matrix
det(A) -----> determinant of a matrix
A*A -----> matrix multiplication
diag(A) -----> diagonal of a matrix
triu(A) , tril(A) , lu(A), eig(A), eigs(A), etc.
Given an array A=[1 5 3 10 2 0 4 6], sort in ascending order. >>sort(A)
✓ OPERATORS
✓ Arithmetic operators
+ Plus. - Minus.
* Matrix multiplication. .* Array multiplication
^ Matrix power .^ Array power
\ Backslash or left division / Slash or right division
./ Array division
• Array operations [ Element by Element operation] [dot operators]
Matrix operations preceded by a period “.” (dot) indicates array operation.
Element by element operations require vectors to have the same dimensions.
Eg. ------> .* ./ .^
A = [1 2 3]; B = [2 4 6];
C = A .* B = [1*2, 2*4, 3*6] ; C = A ./ B = [1/2, 2/4, 3/6] ;
C = A.^2 = [1, 4, 9];
• Relational operators
< less than <= Less than or equal to
> greater than >= Greater than or equal to
== equal ~= Not equal
• Logical operators
& ---> AND | ---> OR ~ ---> NOT xor ---> Exclusive OR
• Simple math functions
sin, cos, tan, asin, acos, atan, sinh, cosh log, log10, exp, sqrt …
• Range of numbers used in MATLAB: – 10-308 TO 10308
• Permanent variables
ans Recent computed value Default result variable
eps 2.22 x 10-16 User definable
pi  Pre-calculated

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 INF 1/0 Default result variable/User definable
NAN Not A Number Eg: 0/0; inf/inf User definable
• Special characters
( ) Parentheses are used to indicate precedence in arithmetic expressions and to
arguments of functions in the usual way. Also, to accommodate arguments.
[ ] Brackets used to assign arrays/matrices
, Element separator ; Row, line delimiter
% Comments ! Exclamation point
' Transpose, quote = Assignment
: Colon ---> represents range ... Continuation
• Logical functions...
exist Check if variables or functions exist.
any True if any element of a vector is true.
all True if all elements of a vector are true.
find Find indices of the non-zero elements.
isnan True for Not-A-Number.
isinf True for infinite elements.
finite True for finite elements.
isempty True for empty matrices.
isreal True for matrix of only real elements.
issparse True if matrix is sparse.
isstr True for text string.
isglobal True for global variables
• display formats...
>>format Default. Same as SHORT
>>format short Scaled fixed-point format with 5 digits. Eg. 1.3333
>>format long Scaled fixed-point format with 15 digits. Eg. 1.33333333333333
✓ Graphics
plot(x,y) Linear plotting -----> plots vector y versus vector x
plot(Y) Plots the columns of Y versus their index
plot(X1,Y1,S1,X2,Y2,S2,X3,Y3,S3,...) combines the plots
fplot(‘function’, limits, linespecifiers) ----> plots a function with y = f(x)
Eg: x = linspace (a ,2*pi, 30); y = sin(x); plot(x,y)
• Include following modifications on the above plots
title text grid xlabel gtext legend ylabel ginput
• Customizing plot axes using axis command
axis([xmin xmax ymin ymax] )
Set the maximum and minimum values of axes using specified values.
To auto scale: use min or max –inf or inf respectively.

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 • H = subplot(m,n,p), or subplot(m,n,p), breaks the figure window into an m×n figure
windows of small axes, selects the pth axes for the current plot.
• Hold on is used to have multiple figures in the same window
• Plotting with Logarithmic axis : loglog , semilogx(x,y), semilogy(x,y)
• Plotting with special graphics : bar, barh, stairs, stem, hist, polar etc.

✓ Creating m-function files – user defined functions :

• Function files are created and edited, like script file, in the Editor/Debugger Window.
Synthetically, a function m-file is identical to a script m-file except for the first line.
The general form of the first line (called “function definition line” is:
function[output1, output2,…] = filename1(input1, input2,…). OR
function[output arguments] = filename2(input arguments). OR
function[a, b,…] = multiply1(x, y,…).
• Save the function file with a name that is identical to the function name in the function
definition line with extension .m E.g. :- filename1.m, filename1.m, multiply1.m

• Function body contains the computer program (code) that actually performs the
computations
• User defined functions are in the same way as a built-in function. To use function file,
the directory where it was saved must be in the current directory.
• In function body help comments can also be added for future references, in the second
line of the function file.
• All the variables in the function file are local. To assign and use global variables, global
MATLAB command can be used.

✓ Flow control (Loops) (Conditional Jumps)

CE -----> Conditional Expression

1. FOR loop 2. IF statement 3. WHILE loop 4. Switch SE
for k = F:I:L if CE1 while CE case ….
…. …. …. case
end else if CE2 end …..
…. end

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 Else
….
end
end
• Nested loops and Nested conditional statements are allowed.
• Indefinite loop may occur if there is a mistake in the usage of loops. In such cases
Control+C OR Control +Break key may be used.
• return and continue commands:
o when inside loop (for and while), return command terminates the execution
of the whole loop.
o when outside a loop (for and while), return command terminates the
execution of the file.
o continue command can be used inside a loop to stop the present pass and start
the next pass in the looping process. It omits the remaining commands in the loop.

✓ Polynomials
• Polynomial is represented by a row vector of its coefficients in descending order
x4- 12x3 + 25x + 116 as p = [1 –12 0 25 116]
• Roots of the polynomial -----> r =roots(p)
• The polynomial can be got from the roots as p = poly(r)
• Value of a Polynomial : polyval(p,x) x : number, or a variable that has an
assigned value can be array or matrix
• Multiplication of polynomials: c = conv(p,q)
• Division of polynomials: c = deconv(p,q)
• Addition : two polynomials can be added (or subtracted) by adding the vectors of the
coefficients. If the polynomials are not of the same order, the shorter vector has to be
modified by adding zeros(called padding)
• Partial fraction expansion : the function residue performs a partial fraction
expansion F(s) = p / q
[rr , pp , k ] = residue (p, q)
F (s) = k + r1 / (x – p1)+ r2 / (x – p2) + …
• Derivatives of the polynomials: pd = polyder(p)
• Derivatives of a product of two polynomials: pdp= polyder(p,q)
• Derivatives of a quotient of two polynomials: [k,n] = polyder(p,q)

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 MATLAB Basics Exercises
✓ MATLAB as a calculator:
1) Define the variables x and z as x = 9.6, and z = 8.1, then evaluate:
𝟑
𝟐 𝟐𝒛 𝟓 𝟒𝟑𝟑𝒛 𝒆−𝒙𝒛 √𝟏𝟒𝒙𝟑
a) 𝒙𝒛 − (𝟑𝒙) b) + c) d) 𝒍𝒐𝒈|𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟑 |
𝟐𝒙𝟑 𝒙+𝒛 𝒆𝟑𝒙

2) Verify the trigonometric identities by substituting and calculating each side of the
equation with x = π/5.

𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙+𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒙 𝟏+𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝟐𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙

𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝟐 = ; 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐 = √ ; 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐𝒙 = 𝟏−𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙
𝟐𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 𝟐

✓ Entering array / Matrices:

3) a) , b) and c)

4)

5) Using the zeros and ones commands create a 3×5 matrix in which the first, second and
fifth columns are 0’s and the third and fourth columns are 1’s.

✓ Matrix /subscription/concatenation:
6) Create a 5×7 matrix in which the first row are the numbers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7, the second
row are the numbers 8 9 10 11 12 13 14, and so on. From this matrix create a new 3×4
matrix that is made from rows 2 through 4, and columns 3 through 6 of the first matrix.

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7) Construct a matrix of A of size 39 × 75 whose elements vary from 1 to 10 randomly
a) Write a single line code/command in MATLAB to plot elements of 5th row vs.
elements of 32nd row using matrix A.
b) Write a single line code/command in MATLAB to plot elements of 15th row
vs. elements of 4th and 6th columns (suitably choosing the number of elements), using
matrix A.
c) Write a single line code/command in MATLAB to construct matrix B whose
size is 4 × 26 considering the elements of 1st row (75 elements) and the elements of 66th
column (39 elements) of A matrix.
d) Write a single line code/ command in MATLAB to construct matrix B whose
size is 25 × 29 considering the elements of all columns corresponding to 8th row to 14th
row (suitable elements) and elements of all rows corresponding to 46th column to 51th
column (suitable elements) of A matrix.
8) Construct a matrix of A of size 5 × 6 whose elements vary from 0 to 10.
Construct a matrix of B of size 2 × 45 whose elements vary from 0 to 10.
Write a single line code/ command in MATLAB to construct matrix C whose size is 8 ×
15 considering all the elements of matrices A and B (i.e., using matrices A and B).
✓ TRY TO CREATE m - SCRIPT FILES IN SOLVING THE BELOW EXERCISES
✓ Matrix Manipulations / Functions /operations
9)

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 11)

• Graphics (Plotting)
12) Make two separate plots of the function f(x) = 0.6x5-5x3+9x+2 in the same window;
one plot for -4≤x≤4 and one for -2.7≤x≤2.7. Also try sketching the same using fplot.
13)

16) Sketch a sine wave of frequency 1 kHz.

17) Find the error in the following MATLAB codes and mention it clearly,
a) exp(j*w)/(exp(j*w)-0.0591)).*(0.7071^5*exp(-j*w*5)-1)./(0.7071*exp(-j*w)-1))
b) x = 1:100; y = sin(x)*x OR y = sin(x)/x.

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