■ 100 Intermediate-Level Python Interview
Questions (Simple Notes)
■ Python Basics & Data Types (Q1–Q10)
1. Python dynamically typed language kyun kehlata hai?
■ Variable banate waqt type batana nahi padta, type runtime pe decide hoti hai.
2. `is` aur `==` mein kya farq hai?
■ `==` values compare karta hai, `is` memory address compare karta hai.
3. Mutable vs Immutable objects?
■ Mutable (list, dict) change hote hain, Immutable (str, tuple) change nahi hote.
4. Strings immutable kyun hote hain?
■ Security + memory optimization ke liye.
5. `id()` function kya karta hai?
■ Object ka unique memory address deta hai.
6. `None`, `False`, aur `0` mein kya difference hai?
■ None = no value, False = boolean, 0 = number.
7. Shallow copy vs Deep copy?
■ Shallow = sirf top-level copy, Deep = nested bhi copy.
8. Tuples immutable hone ke bawajood mutable objects kyun store karte hain?
■ Tuple ki structure fix hai, andar ka object mutable ho sakta hai.
9. Dict ke keys immutable kyun hone chahiye?
■ Hashing ke liye immutability zaroori hai.
10. Frozenset kya hota hai?
■ Immutable set.
---
■ Control Flow & Iteration (Q11–Q15)
11. Ternary operator kaise likhte hain?
■ `a if condition else b`
12. List comprehension vs Generator expression?
■ List eager (poori memory me), Generator lazy (ek-ek karke).
13. break, continue, pass difference?
■ break = loop end, continue = next iteration, pass = placeholder.
14. For-else / While-else?
■ Else tabhi chalega jab loop normal khatam ho (break na ho).
15. Infinite loop kaise?
■ `while True:`
---
■ Functions (Q16–Q25)
16. Default arguments kaise handle hote hain?
■ Sirf ek bar evaluate hote hain (mutable caution).
17. *args, **kwargs?
■ Extra positional (*args) tuple me, keyword (**kwargs) dict me.
18. Function annotations?
■ Type hints ke liye.
19. Higher-order function?
■ Function ko input ya output ke taur pe handle karta hai.
20. map, filter, reduce?
■ map=transform, filter=condition, reduce=combine.
21. Recursion limit check/change?
■ `sys.getrecursionlimit()` / `sys.setrecursionlimit()`
22. Lambda limitations?
■ Ek line, sirf expression.
23. zip()?
■ Multiple iterables ko pair banata hai.
24. Closures?
■ Inner function jo outer ke variables yaad rakhe.
25. lru_cache?
■ Function results ko cache karta hai.
---
■ OOP (Q26–Q35)
26. Class vs Object?
■ Class blueprint hai, Object uska instance.
27. Staticmethod, Classmethod, Instance method?
■ Instance=self, Class=cls, Static independent.
28. super()?
■ Parent class ka method call karna.
29. Multiple inheritance?
■ Ek class multiple parents se inherit.
30. MRO?
■ Method search order.
31. Private/Protected members?
■ _var protected, __var private.
32. Duck typing?
■ Behavior se type decide karna.
33. Dataclass?
■ Auto init, repr, eq generate karta hai.
34. __init__ vs __new__?
■ __new__ object banata hai, __init__ initialize karta hai.
35. Polymorphism?
■ Same function/method different behavior.
---
■ Modules & Packages (Q36–Q40)
36. Module vs Package?
■ Module=single .py file, Package=folder + __init__.py.
37. Relative vs Absolute import?
■ Absolute=full path, Relative=dot notation.
38. __init__.py role?
■ Package ko initialize karta hai.
39. Virtual environment?
■ Project-wise dependencies isolate karta hai.
40. pip freeze vs pip list?
■ freeze=for requirements.txt, list=general info.
---
■ Decorators & Generators (Q41–Q50)
41. Decorators?
■ Function ke behavior ko modify karte hain.
42. Nested functions?
■ Function ke andar function.
43. Generator vs Iterator?
■ Generator yield karta hai, Iterator class-based hota hai.
44. yield?
■ Function ko pause-resume karta hai.
45. Coroutine?
■ Generator jo value receive bhi kar sake.
46. Context manager?
■ __enter__, __exit__ define karke resources manage.
47. @property?
■ Method ko attribute ki tarah use karna.
48. Custom iterator?
■ __iter__ + __next__ define karna.
49. Async generators?
■ Async def + yield + await.
50. Chaining decorators?
■ Multiple decorators ek function pe.
---
■ Exception Handling (Q51–Q55)
51. Exception hierarchy?
■ BaseException → Exception → specific errors.
52. try-except-else-finally?
■ else tab chalega jab exception na aaye, finally hamesha.
53. Custom exception?
■ Exception inherit karke class banao.
54. raise vs assert?
■ raise=manually error, assert=debug condition check.
55. with suppress?
■ Exception ignore karne ke liye.
---
■ File Handling (Q56–Q60)
56. Text vs Binary mode?
■ Text=strings, Binary=raw bytes.
57. read(), readline(), readlines()?
■ read=all, readline=one line, readlines=list of lines.
58. seek(), tell()?
■ tell=pointer pos, seek=pointer move.
59. JSON to Python?
■ json.load()
60. CSV as dict?
■ csv.DictReader()
---
■ Python Internals (Q61–Q70)
61. GIL?
■ Ek time me ek hi thread run karta hai.
62. Bytecode?
■ Intermediate compiled code.
63. __pycache__?
■ Bytecode store karta hai.
64. CPython vs PyPy?
■ CPython default, PyPy fast (JIT).
65. Garbage collection?
■ Reference counting + cyclic collector.
66. sys.getsizeof()?
■ Object ka memory size.
67. id() vs hash()?
■ id=memory address, hash=hash value.
68. Reference counting?
■ Ref count 0 hote hi delete.
69. Interning?
■ Small immutable objects reuse.
70. weakref?
■ Weak reference without preventing GC.
---
■ Standard Library (Q71–Q80)
71. defaultdict, Counter?
■ defaultdict=default values, Counter=frequency.
72. itertools?
■ Iterator tools (count, cycle, combinations).
73. functools.partial?
■ Function ke kuch arguments fix karna.
74. datetime vs time?
■ datetime=calendar style, time=low-level.
75. shutil vs os?
■ shutil=file ops, os=system ops.
76. subprocess?
■ System commands run karna.
77. logging?
■ Program logs banane ke liye.
78. uuid?
■ Unique IDs.
79. pickle vs json?
■ pickle=Python-only, json=universal.
80. enum?
■ Fixed set of values.
---
■ Data Structures & Algorithms (Q81–Q90)
81. List vs Array?
■ List dynamic, Array fixed type.
82. Stack, Queue?
■ Stack=list, Queue=deque.
83. Priority queue?
■ heapq.
84. bisect?
■ Sorted insert/search.
85. Linked list?
■ Node class with data+next.
86. Sorted dict traversal?
■ sorted(dict.keys()).
87. Binary search?
■ bisect / manual mid index.
88. Heap?
■ heapq (min-heap).
89. Set ops?
■ union(|), intersection(&).
90. Graph representation?
■ Adjacency list (dict of lists).
---
■ Advanced Topics (Q91–Q100)
91. Multithreading vs Multiprocessing?
■ Threads=same process, Processes=parallel cores.
92. async/await?
■ Async def banata hai, await pause-resume.
93. Event loop?
■ Async tasks manage karta hai.
94. Race condition?
■ Multiple threads conflict → Locks.
95. Thread-safe data structures?
■ queue.Queue, Manager objects.
96. Memory leak detect?
■ gc, tracemalloc, objgraph.
97. Monkey patching?
■ Runtime pe modify karna.
98. Metaclass?
■ Class banane wali class.
99. Reflection?
■ getattr, setattr se runtime me attributes.
100. Unit testing?
■ unittest, pytest use karte hain.
