06/07/2024, 16:50 NumPy Tutorial
What is NumPy
NumPy is a library for the Python programming language, adding support for large, multi-dimensional arrays and matrices, along with a large
collection of high-level mathematical functions to operate on these arrays.
Why use NumPy
In Python we have lists that serve the purpose of arrays, but they are slow to process.
NumPy aims to provide an array object that is up to 50x faster than traditional Python lists.
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The array object in NumPy is called ndarray, it provides a lot of supporting functions that make working with ndarray very easy.
Arrays are very frequently used in data science, where speed and resources are very important.
Why is NumPy Faster Than Lists?
NumPy arrays are stored at one continuous place in memory unlike lists, so processes can access and manipulate them very efficiently.
This behavior is called locality of reference in computer science.
This is the main reason why NumPy is faster than lists. Also it is optimized to work with latest CPU architectures.
Importing NumPy
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import numpy as np
In [1]:
a = [1,2,3]
b = [4,5,6]
c=[a[0]+b[0], a[1]+b[1], a[2]+b[2]]
c
[5, 7, 9]
Out[1]:
In [2]:
import numpy as np
array_a = np.array(a) #array_a = np.array([1,2,3])
array_b = np.array(b) #array_b = np.array([4,5,6])
array_a/array_b
array([0.25, 0.4 , 0.5 ])
Out[2]:
In [5]:
a+b
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
Out[5]:
In [37]:
np.concatenate((array_a, array_b))
array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
Out[37]:
Arrays
In [38]:
#1-D array
import numpy as np
arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
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print(arr)
[1 2 3 4 5]
In [5]:
#2-D array
import numpy as np
arr = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])
print(arr)
[[1 2 3]
[4 5 6]]
In [7]:
np.sum(arr, axis=1)
array([ 6, 15])
Out[7]:
In [2]:
#3-D array
import numpy as np
arr = np.array([[[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]], [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]])
print(arr)
[[[1 2 3]
[4 5 6]]
[[1 2 3]
[4 5 6]]]
In [3]:
arr = ([1,2,3])
arr
[1, 2, 3]
Out[3]:
Fill the blanks to generate the following Matrix
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$$\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 2 & 1 \\ 3 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 2 & 4 \end{bmatrix}$$
In [4]:
mat = np.array([[1,2,1], [3,0,1], [0,2,4]])
print(mat)
[[1 2 1]
[3 0 1]
[0 2 4]]
In [7]:
#arange function
a = np.arange(0,10,1)
b = np.arange(0,10,2) #(start, end, skip)
c = np.arange(-10,10, 0.5)
array([-10. , -9.5, -9. , -8.5, -8. , -7.5, -7. , -6.5, -6. ,
Out[7]:
-5.5, -5. , -4.5, -4. , -3.5, -3. , -2.5, -2. , -1.5,
-1. , -0.5, 0. , 0.5, 1. , 1.5, 2. , 2.5, 3. ,
3.5, 4. , 4.5, 5. , 5.5, 6. , 6.5, 7. , 7.5,
8. , 8.5, 9. , 9.5])
Fill the blank to generate the following vector
$$\begin{bmatrix} -30 & -20 & -10 & 0 & 10 & 20 & 30 & 40 \end{bmatrix}$$
In [8]:
p = np.arange( -30, 50, 10) #fill the blank
p
array([-30, -20, -10, 0, 10, 20, 30, 40])
Out[8]:
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In [19]:
#reshape function
array_reshaped_1 = np.arange(4,12).reshape(2,4)
array_reshaped_1
array([[ 4, 5, 6, 7],
Out[19]:
[ 8, 9, 10, 11]])
In [17]:
array_reshaped_1.ndim
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1
Out[17]:
In [21]:
array_reshaped_1.shape
(2, 4)
Out[21]:
In [22]:
array_reshaped_2 = np.arange(4.,12.).reshape(4,2)
array_reshaped_2
array([[ 4., 5.],
Out[22]:
[ 6., 7.],
[ 8., 9.],
[10., 11.]])
In [23]:
# data type of arrays and itemsize
print(array_reshaped_1.dtype)
print(array_reshaped_2.dtype)
print(array_reshaped_1.itemsize)
print(array_reshaped_2.itemsize)
int64
float64
8
8
In [27]:
#array_int_item = np.array([1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9], dtype='int64')
array_int_item=np.arange(1,10, dtype='int16')
#array_float_item = np.array([1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9], dtype='float64')
#fill the blank
array_float_item=np.arange(1,10, dtype='float32')
print(array_int_item)
print(array_float_item)
print(array_int_item.dtype)
print(array_float_item.dtype)
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print(array_float_item.itemsize)
[1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9]
[1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.]
int64
float32
4
Fill the blanks to generate the following matrix
$$\begin{bmatrix} 1.5 & 2.5 & 3.5 \\ 4.5 & 5.5 & 6.5 \\ 7.5 & 8.5 & 9.5 \end{bmatrix}$$
In [28]:
float_array = np.arange(1.5, 10.5, 1, dtype='float64').reshape(3,3)
print(float_array)
[[1.5 2.5 3.5]
[4.5 5.5 6.5]
[7.5 8.5 9.5]]
In [31]:
#array full of zeros and ones
zero_array = np.zeros((2,3), dtype='int64')
one_array = np.ones((2,3), dtype='float64')
full_array = np.full((2,2), 99, dtype='float64')
full_array
array([[99., 99.],
Out[31]:
[99., 99.]])
In [32]:
#randoms
random_array_1 = np.random.rand(4,2)
print(random_array_1)
random_array_2 = np.random.randint(-4,7, size=(3,3))
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print(random_array_2)
random_array_3 = np.random.randint(0, 8, size=(3,3))
print(random_array_3)
[[0.58309026 0.28679404]
[0.81718767 0.51384471]
[0.05989703 0.25553814]
[0.75812778 0.00150133]]
[[ 3 6 2]
[ 2 0 -3]
[ 5 5 -4]]
[[1 5 1]
[7 6 3]
[7 2 6]]
In [ ]:
access elements
In [38]:
a = np.arange(25).reshape(5,5)
print(a)
print(a[:, :])
print(a[0:5, 0:5])
print(a[0:5:1, 0:5:1])
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[[ 0 1 2 3 4]
[ 5 6 7 8 9]
[10 11 12 13 14]
[15 16 17 18 19]
[20 21 22 23 24]]
[[ 0 1 2 3 4]
[ 5 6 7 8 9]
[10 11 12 13 14]
[15 16 17 18 19]
[20 21 22 23 24]]
[[ 0 1 2 3 4]
[ 5 6 7 8 9]
[10 11 12 13 14]
[15 16 17 18 19]
[20 21 22 23 24]]
[[ 0 1 2 3 4]
[ 5 6 7 8 9]
[10 11 12 13 14]
[15 16 17 18 19]
[20 21 22 23 24]]
In [40]:
a = np.arange(25,50).reshape(5,-1)
print(a)
print(a[1:4:2,1:4:2]) #[start:end:skip, start:end:skip]
[[25 26 27 28 29]
[30 31 32 33 34]
[35 36 37 38 39]
[40 41 42 43 44]
[45 46 47 48 49]]
[[31 33]
[41 43]]
In [42]:
check_reshape = np.arange(25,50).reshape(5,5)
print(check_reshape)
print(check_reshape.shape)
reshaped = check_reshape.reshape(1,25)
print(reshaped)
print(reshaped.shape)
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[[25 26 27 28 29]
[30 31 32 33 34]
[35 36 37 38 39]
[40 41 42 43 44]
[45 46 47 48 49]]
(5, 5)
[[25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
49]]
(1, 25)
fill the blanks to print the following matrix
$$\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 & 9 & 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \end{bmatrix}$$
In [46]:
a = np.ones((5,5), dtype='int64')
b = np.zeros((3,3))
b[1,1]=9 #fill this blank
a[1:-1, 1:-1]=b #fill this blank
a
array([[1, 1, 1, 1, 1],
Out[46]:
[1, 0, 0, 0, 1],
[1, 0, 9, 0, 1],
[1, 0, 0, 0, 1],
[1, 1, 1, 1, 1]])
Mathematics
In [48]:
a = np.array([1,2,3,4], dtype='int64')
print(a+2)
print(a*2)
print(a**2)
print(a/2)
[3 4 5 6]
[2 4 6 8]
[ 1 4 9 16]
[0.5 1. 1.5 2. ]
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In [49]:
angles = np.arange(30,360,30)*np.pi/180 #angles in radians..
sin_values = np.sin(angles)
sin_values
array([ 5.00000000e-01, 8.66025404e-01, 1.00000000e+00, 8.66025404e-01,
Out[49]:
5.00000000e-01, 1.22464680e-16, -5.00000000e-01, -8.66025404e-01,
-1.00000000e+00, -8.66025404e-01, -5.00000000e-01])
In [51]:
a = np.arange(20,30).reshape(2,5)
b = np.arange(30,40).reshape(5,2)
c = np.matmul(a,b)
print(np.linalg.det(c))
499.9999999987884
In [52]:
print(np.linalg.eig(c))
print(np.linalg.norm(c))
print(np.linalg.matrix_rank(c))
(array([5.87893540e-02, 8.50494121e+03]), array([[-0.7172319 , -0.63204111],
[ 0.69683456, -0.77493486]]))
8537.073561824333
2
In [55]:
a = np.array([[1,3], [0,1]])
b = np.array([[1,-1], [0,1]])
print(np.linalg.solve(a,b)) #ax=b => x=b*a^-1
print(np.matmul(np.linalg.inv(a), b))
print(a)
print(b)
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[[ 1. -4.]
[ 0. 1.]]
[[ 1. -4.]
[ 0. 1.]]
[[1 3]
[0 1]]
[[ 1 -1]
[ 0 1]]
In [4]:
import numpy as np
url = 'https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/iris/iris.data'
iris_data = np.genfromtxt(url, delimiter=',', dtype='float', usecols=[0,1,2,3])
# Solution
iris_data[(iris_data[:, 2] > 1.5) & (iris_data[:, 0] < 5.0)]
array([[4.8, 3.4, 1.6, 0.2],
Out[4]:
[4.8, 3.4, 1.9, 0.2],
[4.7, 3.2, 1.6, 0.2],
[4.8, 3.1, 1.6, 0.2],
[4.9, 2.4, 3.3, 1. ],
[4.9, 2.5, 4.5, 1.7]])
In [7]:
n = np.array([1,2,3,4])
n = n.reshape((2,-1))
n
array([[1, 2],
Out[7]:
[3, 4]])
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