Ocean & Coastal Management 53 (2010) 350e357

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Ocean & Coastal Management

Managing coastal erosion: A management proposal for a littoral cell in Todos Santos Bay, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
Carlos Peynador*, Federico Mndez-Snchez
Lorax Consultores S.A. de C.V. Madrid 483-A, Col. Ampliacin Moderna, 22879 Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico

a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history: Available online 28 April 2010

a b s t r a c t
A diagnostic of coastal erosion and shoreline retreat occurring at a 7-km long sandy beach (Littoral Cell III) located in Todos Santos Bay (Baja California, Mexico) is performed trough the analysis of aerial photographs. Around 82,000 m2 of this sandy beach have been lost in a 20 year period (1985e2005), at a beach loss rate of 2,100 m2 per year. This indicates that coastal erosion is becoming a hazard to human lives and coastal infrastructure. Due to the latter, the implementation of a Shoreline Erosion Management Plan (SEMP) is proposed as the best management approach to deal with the problem. The Littoral Cell III SEMP considers four core policies, eight management strategies and a group of specic measures. 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction Todos Santos Bay (TSB) is located NW of Ensenada County ethe largest in the Baja California State (73% of its territory) and in the country (2.6% of the national territory). The limits of TSB are Punta San Miguel to the north and Punta Banda Peninsula to the south. The Bay has a 39 km long coastline composed of cliffs (with and without beaches in their base), sandy beaches and dune elds. An L shaped coastal lagoon known as Estero de Punta Banda (EPB) is located in the southern part of the bay. The basin of this lagoon is separated from the bay by a 7 Km long sandy bar which tip marks the southern limit of its inlet while a 450 m long seawall on the continent acts as its northern limit. Water exchange between EPB and the bay is dominated by the tide, which ux of w1.5 m s1 keeps it open. The City of Ensenada (31410 e31540 N, 116 31e116 440 W) is settled along the central portion of the TSB (Fig. 1). It has an average population of 260,000 inhabitants and an annual growth rate of 2.21% between 2000 and 2005. Many of the economic activities of the city are related to commerce and services, being the tourism one of the most important [1e3]. According to Cruz-Coln [4] the TSB is divided into four littoral cells. Cell I goes from San Miguel to Punta Morro, with sediment inputs from the Arroyos San Miguel and Sauzal, as well as the cliffs; Cell II goes from Punta Morro to Ensenada Harbor with sediment inputs from cliffs south of Punta Morro and Arroyo Ensenada; Cell
* Corresponding author. Tel.: 52 646 174 5542; fax: 52 646 174 5954. E-mail addresses: cpeynador@lorax.com.mx (C. Peynador), fmendez@lorax.com. mx (F. Mndez-Snchez). 0964-5691/$ e see front matter 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2010.04.016

III used to start at El Gallo groin1 and ends at the EPB inlet, with sediment inputs from Arroyo El Gallo and EPB; Cell IV starts at the EPB inlet and ends in the Punta Banda Peninsula, with sediment inputs from EPB and the cliffs from Tres Hermanas to La Joya. Cell III coastline is a 7-km long sandy beach with a well sorted medium grain size (0.25 mm). At the central portion of this beach there is a dune eld that decreases both northward and southward. This beach is limited landward by the aforementioned dune eld and a piedmont plateau [4,6,7]. Both, the dunes and the beach present sandy, salted, poor in organic matter, alluvial originated soils, which depth goes from 0.5 to 1.5 m [8]. This coastal strip has been historically used by Ensenada inhabitants as a recreational and leisure spot. It also has served as an attraction for the urban development that takes place in the adjacent properties, especially to the southward portion, near the EPB inlet. It is well known that this beach is highly appreciated both by the local residents and the tourists. According to the Baja California State Tourism Agency, from a total of 706 respondents (including local, national and foreign tourists) a 15.2% rated Ensenadas beaches as the highest city attraction [9]. Regardless this appreciation, there is no state or municipal action aimed to the sustainable use of this important resource and its environmental services provided to the population.
1 The northern limit of Cell III has changed and is no longer the El Gallo groin, because in 2005 the Ensenada Harbor was enlarged south of Arroyo El Gallo, where 23,361.78 m2 of gained terrains were generated, and a new groin was built 600 m southeast of the original one [5]. Therefore, the present northern limit of Cell III is this new structure.

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351

Fig. 1. Todos Santos Bay location and its four littoral cell limits.

The biggest environmental impact that this coastal area has experienced is the coastal erosion-driven beach loss. A remarkable example of the critical coastal erosion in the area is the entire loss of the beach at the zone near by the EPB inlet, where urban developments are at risk due to the direct exposure to wave action. To mitigate this risk and to prevent further shoreline retreat and property damage, owners of coastal properties have adopted protective actions such as the construction of hard coastal defenses like seawalls, rubble mound seawalls and quarry stone revetments.

breakwaters), land reclamation and beach nourishment. The second one implies the formulation of public policies such as setback lines, land use restrictions, exclusion zones and coastal planning (Table 1). Like in the rest of Mexico, coastal erosion problems at Ensenada County have been mainly addressed through the erosion rate control approach. The latter, based in isolated actions funded by the
Table 1 Approaches to attend coastal erosion impacts. Erosion rate control Coastal development control Seldom implemented Actions:  Exclusion zones establishment  Land use regulations  Property purchase by government  Setback lines Public and private costs Actions come from public policies Political and social acceptance problems Precautionary principle Avoids hazards Sometimes costs are too high Rarely applied in Mxico

1.1. Approaches to attend coastal erosion impacts The loss of coastal territory, especially sandy beaches, is a phenomenon that is affecting most coastal countries. It is estimated that 70% of sandy beaches of the world have retreated and less than 10% have accreted due to the combined effects of natural forces and human intervention [10]. The coastal erosion problem can be divided into two components: (1) shoreline erosion rate and (2) coastal development. According to this, the problem can be addressed through the erosion rate control or through the coastal development control along a portion of the coast. The rst one considers the construction of protective hard structures (e.g. seawalls, revetments, groins,

Most recurrent approach Actions:  Engineering structures  Beach nourishment

Mainly private costs Isolated actions No social or political standings dened Technological solutions Allows hazard minimization A denitive solution of the problem is never achieved Usually applied in Mxico

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owners at their properties, usually without coordination neither among them nor with the authorities. The coastal development control approach is rarely applied, and in all cases, without the desired integrated coastal zone management approach. 1.2. Shoreline position changes through aerial photography analysis The shoreline position and its horizontal displacement in space and time can be determined using topographic maps, vertical aerial photographs and satellite imagery [11e14]. Currently, aerial photography represents the most recurrent tool to estimate shoreline erosion rates [15,16]. When doing an aerial photography analysis, the analyst is who interprets and denes ebased in a series of criterionse where to represent the shoreline, rather than doing so following an established methodology. In this case, perhaps the most used criterion to dene the shoreline position in aerial photographs is the contact line between the foredune and the backshore because it avoids the seasonal variability of the beach (e.g. tide regime, wave action, storm presence). Also, this criterion is considered as a good indicator of long term changes [17]. This paper aims to analyze and document shoreline position changes observed in aerial photographs from a 7-km long sandy beach located in Littoral Cell III at TSB, and to estimate the magnitude of coastal erosion as a hazard to human lives and coastal infrastructure. Additionally, a management approach to deal with the erosion problem is developed. 2. Methods 2.1. Changes in shoreline position Three ortophotos e October 1985 (L-7 H11-2 No.003); November 1993 (H11B12D); and July 2005 (No. 230) e generated by the INEGI (National Institute of Statistics, Geography and Informatics, Mexico) and four aerial photographs e April 2003 (L05-0069eL05-0072) e generated by the SIDUE (Baja California Infrastructure and Urban Development Secretariat) were analyzed to determine the temporal and spatial changes in the 7-km long sandy beach located in Littoral Cell III for a 20 year period (1985e2005). As INEGIs ortophotos are projected in IERs (International Earth Rotation Services) Terrestrial Reference Frame of 1992 (ITRF92), they were reprojected using the North American Datum of 1927 (NAD 27) as reference. The 2003 aerial photographs were mapped using a minimum of 10 control points, rectied with the 1993 ortophoto, in UTM zone 11, and using NAD 27 as reference. Afterwards, a mosaic was constructed using the SIDUE photographs. For all photographs, a proposed shoreline position was established in the landward limit of the surf zone (berm). This line distinguishes the border between the beachs dry and wet sediment. The shoreline position was digitalized directly on the computer screen using the ESRI ArcMap 9.2 software. Afterwards, the shoreline retreat and/or advance was estimated for the 1985e1993, 1993e2003 and 2003e2005 periods thorough the construction of erosion/deposition polygons and its corresponding balance. The erosion/deposition balance was also estimated for the entire period (1985e2005). Beach loss rates in square meters were also estimated. 2.2. Management proposal In order to deal with coastal erosion in Littoral Cell III, the implementation of a Shoreline Erosion Management Plan (SEMP) is

proposed. This SEMP should be able to operate under the current Mexican legal framework and implemented by local authorities. For this program four core policies, eight management strategies and a group of specic measures were developed. 3. Results 3.1. Shoreline changes from 1985 to 2005 Fig. 2 shows the proposed shoreline position for 1985, 1993, 2003 and 2005. Based on the analysis of the changes in the shoreline position, it can be stated that the littoral cell III has experienced erosive and depositional events with an overall erosive tendency (Fig. 3). This tendency can be clearly seen trough the erosion/deposition balance that indicates an 81,719 m2 beach loss at an erosion rate of 2,084 m2 per year (Table 2). During the 1985e1993 period there was an important deposition event of 150,235 m2 along the shoreline between El Gallo groin and the Coronitas tourist camp. This concurs with the results obtained by Dooren-Ossio [18] who reports two deposition periods: 1983e1985 and 1987e1989. However, for this same period there was an important shoreline retreat of 81 m in the southern section of littoral cell III, meaning a 50,245 m2 beach loss. For the 1993e2003 period the scenario changed; deposition events were minimum, and in consequence, erosion events increased, generating an approximate beach loss of 237,785 m2. If this period is compared to the 1985e1993, it can be inferred that for 2003 the littoral cell III had an accumulated beach loss of 90,000 m2. This can be attributed to the extreme surge generated by the winter storms associated with the 1998 El Nio event that affected the coasts of California and Baja California [19]. Between 2003 and 2005 erosion and deposition events were very similar in magnitude; however, deposition was the predominant process. There were two main deposition areas, one between the northern limit of littoral cell III and Playa Hermosa, and the other one in front of El Ciprs Airport. The rst had an estimated deposition of 10,711.83 m2, while the second one had a deposition of 10,065.676 m2. The nal sediment balance for this period accounts for () 5,830 m2 at an estimated deposition rate of 2,915 m2 (Table 2). This signies a slight recovery for the system, but the sediment decit remains above 80,000 m2. The most important changes in the shoreline position during this period are those occurred on the northern side of the EPB inlet. In the 1985 and 1993 images a sand bar in the Northern side of the inlet can be observed. However, this sand bar is no longer present in the 2003 image because it completely disappeared in 1998 meaning the erosion of ve sediment hectares [20] (Fig. 2). The erosion of the sand bar on the northern side of the EPB inlet is attributed to the inertia of the tidal ux on turning to exit via the inlet [21]. Aside of the loss of the sand bar, for the 1993e2003 and 2003e2005 periods, there was a 4.3 hectares and 10.87 hectares beach loss respectively. The latter represent an approximate shoreline retreat of 82.51 m and 65 m, respectively. For 2003 the EPB inlet had a 110 m width, mainly because the sand bar south of the inlet has showed a net growth of 57 hectares during 1972e2003 period [20]. Fig. 2 shows that the inlet had an additional growth between 2003 and 2005 reaching a 210 m width. Since for this period there was deposition at the northern side of the inlet, its growth suggests the erosion of the tip of the sand bar and the deposition of part of this eroded material in the northern side (Fig. 3). Until 2003 the arroyo El Gallo outlet had a NW orientation parallel to the El Gallo groin and was an active source of sediment for the littoral cell III. These sediments can be seen in the 1993

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353

Fig. 2. Shoreline changes between 1985 and 2005.

image (Fig. 2). In 2003, the orientation of the outlet was modied to the SW due to the construction of the ocean boulevard, a coastal freeway. In 2005, the outlet was modied again due to the enlargement of the Ensenada harbor that grew 243,129.19 m2 southward El Gallo groin. The enlargement included the gain of 23,361.78 m2 of ocean surface that were lled with dredged material and the construction of a breakwater and a new groin [5]. 3.2. Management proposal To deal with the erosion problem in the littoral cell III, the implementation of a Shoreline Erosion Management Plan (SEMP) is proposed. According to the Queensland (Australia) Environmental Protection Agency [22] a SEMP is a planning document that sets out an agreed framework and management strategy for responding to current erosion or potential future erosion problems. SEMPs provide a framework for the sustainable use, development and management of land vulnerable to erosion by considering the environmental, social and economic values of the land and the physical coastal processes acting on the foreshore. SEMPs also outline the appropriate uses of erosion prone land, and long term management goals as agreed upon by governments and the community. According to the latter, the proposed SEMP is aimed to set the basis for a local integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) approach [23].

A SEMP may be of benet when [22]:  Natural coastal processes in an area pose a threat to existing development such as roads and other community infrastructure or multiple private properties along a coastal sector.  Existing or proposed land uses are disrupting natural coastal processes, or are increasing the erosion risk by destroying native vegetation, removing sand or altering land levels, or changing currents and wave actions which transfer erosion to other areas; or  Natural coastal processes need to be allowed to proceed by managing an area as an erosion buffer zone or by maintaining areas free of permanent development. In order to achieve its objectives, the proposed SEMP lies on four ruling policies: (1) monitoring and research, (2) mitigation, (3) regulations on coastal development, and (4) conservation. For each ruling policy, a series of management strategies are established; each strategy include specic actions aimed to accomplished SEMPs objectives in short (2008), medium (2009e2010) and long (2011e2013) term (Table 3). For each specic action, the priorities, time frames, as well as responsible and involved agencies are outlined. 3.2.1. Monitoring and research policy Its main objective is to establish science-based mechanisms to understand and describe coastal processes through periodic and

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Fig. 3. Erosion and deposition between 1985 and 2005.

continuous measurements of all the involved variables; as well as through the development and implementation of specic studies. This policy has two strategies: monitoring (M) and specic studies (SS). 3.2.2. Mitigation policy This policy is aimed to reduce the negative effects of coastal processes over coastal development through the implementation of actions to recover the natural sediment inputs to littoral cell III. It also considers the elaboration of feasibility studies for the construction of coastal structures that will protect the most vulnerable shoreline segments. This policy encompasses two strategies: assurance of the natural sediment inputs (NSI) and protection of vulnerable shoreline segments (VSS). 3.2.3. Coastal development regulation It aims to modify the behavior of social actors or users of the coastal zone considered by the proposed SEMP. This policy is based
Table 2 Erosion/deposition balance between 1985 and 2005. Period Event Gain (m )
2

in paradigms like the precautionary principle and the sustainable development, and considers the natural processes in the planning process. The main objective of this policy is to avoid the negative effects of human actions in natural coastal processes, particularly in the acceleration of erosive processes. It is also aimed to prevent risks for coastal users and their property. This policy includes three strategies: establishment of setback lines for coastal constructions (SBL), acquisition of coastal land by the government (ACL), and the formulation of new regulations (FR). 3.2.4. Conservation policy Within the littoral cell III there are areas (i.e. dune elds and coastal lagoons) that must be declared as natural reserves due to the environmental services they provide. This policy has only one strategy: natural reserve decrees (NRD).

4. Discussions 4.1. Shoreline changes

Balance (m2) Loss (m )

Beach gain/loss rate (m2/ao)

1985e1993 200,480.2693 50,244.8908 150,235.3785 18,779.42 1993e2003 2,845.4459 240,630.4036 237,784.9577 23,778.50 2003e2005 40,822.6546 34,992.1648 5,830.4898 2,915.24 1985e2005 244,148.3698 325,867.4592 81,719.0893 2,083.84

Aerial photography analysis has become a useful and common tool to estimate shoreline changes [24]. Although, it is important to note that there are some errors associated with the aerial photographs and the delimitation of the shoreline. The method used to estimate shoreline changes reduces the error in the aerial photographs, but the errors associated with the interpretation and the

C. Peynador, F. Mndez-Snchez / Ocean & Coastal Management 53 (2010) 350e357 Table 3 SEMPs ruling policies, management strategies and specic actions. Code Activity 1 1.1 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.1.4 1.1.5 1.2 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4 1.2.5 1.2.6 1.2.7 1.2.8 2 2.1 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.1.4 2.2 2.2.1 3 3.1 3.1.1 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.3 3.3.1 4 4.1 4.1.1 4.1.2 Monitoring and research Monitoring (M) Long term shoreline changes monitoring. Short term shoreline changes monitoring. Wave characteristics monitoring. Rainfall monitoring within hydrographic basins that provide sediments to the littoral cell III. Monitoring of sediment ow from hydrographic basins to littoral cell III and EPB through sediment traps. Specic studies Hypsometric study for the Emilio Lpez Zamora dam. Hydrographic basins sediments ow to littoral cell III and EPB study. EPB sediments ow to littoral cell III study. Aeolian transport study for littoral cell III. Sediment budget study for littoral cell III. Littoral transport simulation study for littoral cell III. Coastal erosion risk assessment study for littoral cell III. Study of the mitigation costs associated with coastal erosion in littoral cell III. Mitigation Assurance of sediments natural ow to littoral system. Arroyo El Campillo riverbed recovery. Cleaning and maintenance actions for Arroyo El Gallo riverbed. Beach nourishment for littoral cell III, using dredged sediments from Emilio Lpez Zamora dam. Beach nourishment for littoral cell III, using trapped sediments in Arroyo Ensenada basin. Protection of critical coastal erosion zones through engineering structures. Feasibility studies for the construction of engineering structures in critical coastal erosion zones, in order to enhance sediment deposition. Coastal development regulations Establishment of exclusion zones. Establishment of exclusion zones landward the ZOFEMAT. Purchase of coastal properties by the government. Expropiation of private coastal properties. Concessions of Federal Government owned properties on behalf of local government. Formulation of new regulations Development of technical standards for the construction in coastal areas and for the construction of engineered coastal structures. Conservation Decree of areas aimed for conservation purposes. Decree of Lagunita El Ciprs coastal lagoon as a federal conservation area. Decree of dune elds in front of El Ciprs military base as a federal conservation area. Term Responsible Involved authorities

355

ST ST ST ST ST

IMIP IMIP IMIP IMIP IMIP

ZOFEMATAC, IIO, FCM-UABC ZOFEMATAC, IIO, FCM-UABC SEMAR, IIO, FCM-UABC CONAGUA CONAGUA

ST MT ST ST MT ST ST ST

IMIP, CONAGUA CICESE, IIO, FCM-UABC IMIP SPA, SAU, DPC, IMTA-CONAGUA, IIO, FCM-UABC IMIP CICESE, IIO, FCM-UABC IMIP CONAGUA, SEMAR, CICESE, IIO, FCM-UABC IMIP CICESE, IIO, FCM-UABC IMIP CICESE, IIO, FCM-UABC IMIP IIO, FCM-UABC IMIP FCM-UABC

ST ST MT MT

SAU SAU SAU SAU

SEMARNAT, CONAGUA CONAGUA CONAGUA CONAGUA, API

MT

SAU

SEMARNAT, IIO, FCM-UABC

ST ST ST ST

SAU SAU SAU SAU

ZOFEMATAC RPPC, CORETTE ZOFEMATAC IMIP, IIO, FCM-UABC

ST ST

SAU SAU

SPA, IMIP, CONAGUA SPA, IMIP

ST, short term; MP, medium term; SAU, Secretara de Administracin Urbana (Local Urban Administration Agency); IMIP, Instituto Municipal de Investigacin y Planeacin (Local Institute for Planning and Research); ZOFEMATAC, Direccin General de Zona Federal Martimo Terrestre y ambientes Costeros (Federal Agency responsible for the ZOFEMAT); IIO, Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanolgicas (Oceanographic Research Institute); FCM-UABC, Facultad de Ciencias Marinas de la Universidad Autnoma de Baja California (Faculty of Marine Science); SEMAR, Secretara de Marina (Secretariat of the Navy); CONAGUA, Comisin Nacional del Agua (National Water Commission); SEMARNAT, Secretara de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (Secretariat of Environment and Natural Resources); RPPC, Registro Pblico de la Propiedad y del Comercio (Public Property and Commerce Registry); CORETTE, Comisin de Regularizacin de Tenencia de la Tierra del Estado (State Land Tenure Regulation Comission).

variation of the shoreline position are unavoidable. Regarding this issue, Moore [25] presented the errors associated with the shoreline changes analysis through aerial photographs and demonstrated that the accumulated error for a 1:5000 scale is between 16 and 21 m, from which only 0.9e1 m can be attributed to the photographs. Considering the latter, the results presented should be considered as tendencies more than precise determinations. Based on this the erosion-deposition balance presented in Table 2 should be considered as an estimation. Although coastal erosion is a natural phenomenon that takes place in almost all coastlines of the world, the erosion problem in BTS coastline has been highly inuenced by human activities such as the construction of El Gallo groin and other coastal structures, which has modied the coastal processes of the area. 4.2. Management proposal There are some regulations in the Mexican legal framework focused on coastal development like Ecological planning, land use policies and a 20 m coastal exclusion zone (Zona Federal Martimo

Terrestre (ZOFEMAT)), although there are no specic regulations or public policies regarding coastal erosion [19]. The coastal erosion issues have been treated like isolated problems and without a dened strategy or within an integrated public policy. Most of the efforts have been aimed to control the erosion rate and just in few cases to regulate the coastal development. The littoral cell III is a remarkable example of this situation. Many protective structures have been constructed in the last 40 years (i.e. two groins, seven seawalls, ve rubble mounds and two rubble mound seawalls) however most of them have been poorly effective and, in most cases, have caused collateral erosion problems. The beach loss documented in the present paper proves the poor effectiveness of the engineering approach that intended to control the erosion rate. The coastal development regulation approach seems to be a better way to deal with the problem. Taking this into account, the proposed SEMP relays primarily on this approach but also considers, in some specic cases, the use of the engineering approach. The SEMP has a holistic scope and establishes the responsibilities for a number of federal, state and local agencies related with the coastal erosion issues. This will avoid the isolated efforts that

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usually protect little shoreline segments and often transfer the erosion problem to adjacent zones. The Mexican legal framework grants to the federal government most of the functions related with coastal resources; because of this, a series of agreements between local, state and federal government must be carried out in order to effectively implement the SEMP.

Acknowledgments Initial studies for the elaboration of the SEMP were sponsored by Mare Britannicum Schiffahrtsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG. The aerial photographs for 1985, 1993 and 2005 were provided by MSc Csar Garca Gutirrez. Hiram Olvera contributed to the beach loss calculations. We thank the support and cooperation of Williard Ferrer, Ral Silvestre, Jorge Reyes de la Gala and Erasmo Miranda in the formulation of the complete version of the SEMP. We also thank Christian Appendini for its valuable suggestions and comments.

5. Conclusions Erosion processes in littoral cell III have caused a beach loss of approximately 82,000 m2 between 1985 and 2005 which represents an estimated beach loss rate of 2,100 m2 per year. The proposed Shoreline Erosion Management Plan for littoral cell III seems to be the best approach to deal with coastal erosion since it will allow to reduce the current coastal erosion hazards and to regulate the coastal development. The implementation of the plan will be useful for the public sector because it will:  Characterize the coastal erosion processes.  Support the authorities in the formulation of public policies regarding coastal processes.  Establish the guidelines for a proper coastal development.  Enhance the coordination between federal, state and local governments regarding coastal issues.  Work as the main regulation for land use and coastal development.  Set the baseline to develop future SEMPs for the whole BTS littoral cells. The plan will also be useful for private sector because it will:  Guide the real state investments to safer areas.  Establish technical and legal guidelines for the construction of protective structures. The SEMP will be useful from the social point of view since it will help to preserve the 7.5 km of sandy beaches in the littoral cell III. This will give the local population a proper space for leisure and will avoid human settlements in zones exposed to coastal hazards. The proposed management strategy attends the urgent need of a public policy for coastal erosion management which has been highlighted since 1998 by Lizrraga-Arciniega and Fischer [19]. Note: The detailed description of policies, strategies and specic actions of the SEMP can be consulted in [26].

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6. In press update In October 2008, the proposed SEMP was delivered to local government agencies of the Ensenada County. To date, it hasnt been gazetted. However, a series of state and local government actions have been attributed to it. That is the case of the creation of a public beach, which lies inside the boundaries of the littoral cell III, for the Ensenada City inhabitants and its corresponding management plan. By September 2008, the authors of this paper in collaboration with other colleagues formulated the Playa Hermosa Beach Management Plan [27]. The aim of this plan was to preserve the beach and its dunes, manage coastal erosion, regulate the coastal development, monitor and maintain the seawater quality, assure the free-access to the beach and provide facilities for the beach users. As for May 2010, actions proposed in such plan are being implemented by the local government.

C. Peynador, F. Mndez-Snchez / Ocean & Coastal Management 53 (2010) 350e357 [20] Delgado-Gonzlez O, Lizrraga-Arciniega R, Martnez Daz de Len A, Galindo Bect L, Fermn Almada JL, Snchez Arcilla A, et al. Cambios en la posicin de la lnea de playa de la boca del Estero de Punta Banda, Baja California, durante 1972e2003. Ciencias Marinas 2005;31(4):707e17. [21] Ortiz M, Huerta-Tamayo L, Hinojosa A. Transporte de sedimento por traccin de marea en el Estero de Punta Banda, Baja California, Mxico. GEOS 2003;23 (3):283e94. [22] Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Preparation of a shoreline erosion management plan, Guideline for coastal development. Queensland Government, Environmental Protection Agency, Queensaland Parks and Wildlife Service; 2007. 8 pp. [23] Coastal area management and planning network. The status of integrated coastal zone management: a global assessment, Summary report of a workshop convened at Charleston South Carolina, July 4e9. Rosensteil School of Marine Sciences, University of Miami; 1989.

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[24] Anders FJ, Byrnes MR. Accuracy of shoreline change rates as determined from maps and aerial photographs. Shore and Beach 1991;59(1): 17e26. p. [25] Moore LJ. Shoreline mapping techniques. Journal of Coastal Research 2000;16 (1):111e24. [26] Peynador C, Mndez F, Ferrer W, Silvestre R, Reyes de la Gala J. Programa de Manejo de la Erosin Costera en la Celda Litoral III de la Baha de Todos Santos, Baja California. Versin preliminar (tercera edicin). Lorax Consultores, S.A. de C.V.; Mare Britannicum Schiffahrtsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG. 2007; 165 pp. un anexo (no publicado). [27] Peynador C, Mndez-Snchez F, Ferrer A, Leyva C, Espejel I. Programa de Manejo para la Playa Pblica Playa Hermosa, localizada en la Baha de Todos Santos, Municipio de Ensenada, Baja California (ProMaPP). Versin preliminar (primera edicin). Lorax Consultores, S.A. de C.V.; Architectums. 2008; 105 pp. (no publicado).