WHO http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/ http://www.who.int/growthref/who2007_bmi_for_age/en/index.html WHO. (2004).

Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. The Lancet, 363, 157-163. Recommendation: For many Asian populations, additional trigger points for public health action were identified as 23 kg/m2 or higher, representing increased risk, and 275 kg/m2 or higher as representing high risk. The suggested categories are as follows: less than 185 kg/m2 underweight; 18523 kg/m2 increasing but acceptable risk; 23275 kg/m2 increased risk; and 275 kg/m2 or higher high risk. Center of Disease Control (CDC) - supporting programme http://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/resources/publications/aag/obesity.htm PROGRAMME nutrition-physicalactivity-obesity http://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/states/examples/pdfs/nutrition-physicalactivityobesity.pdf

Lee, S. A., Wen, W. Q., Xu, W. H., Zheng, W., Li, H. L., Yang, G., Xiang, Y. B., & Shu, X. Q. (2008). Prevalence of obesity and correlations with lifestyle and dietary factors in Chinese men. Obesity, 16, 1440-1447. Objective: To estimate the age-adjusted prevalence of general and centralized obesity among Chinese men living in urban Shanghai. Methods and Procedures: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 61,582 Chinese men aged 40-75. BMI (kg/m2) was used to measure overweight (23 BMI < 27.4) and obesity (BMI 27.5) based on the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended criteria for Asians. Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) was used to measure moderate (75th WHR < 90th percentile) and severe (WHR 90th percentile) centralized obesity. Results: The average BMI and WHR were 23.7 kg/m2 and 0.90, respectively. The prevalence of overweight was 48.6% and obesity was 10.5%. The prevalence of general and centralized obesity was higher in men with high income or who were retired, tea drinkers, or nonusers of ginseng than their counterparts. Men with high education had a higher prevalence of overweight and centralized obesity, but had a lower prevalence of obesity and severe centralized obesity compared to those with less education. Current smokers or alcohol drinkers had a lower prevalence of general obesity but higher prevalence of

centralized obesity than nonsmokers or nondrinkers of alcohol. Ex-smokers and exalcohol drinkers had a higher prevalence of general and centralized obesity compared to nonsmokers and nondrinkers of alcohol. Prevalence of obesity was associated with high energy intake and less daily physical activity. Discussion: The prevalence of obesity among Chinese men in urban Shanghai was lower than that observed in Western countries but higher than that in other Asian countries, and the prevalence of general and centralized obesity differed by demographic, lifestyle, and dietary factors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract) Rippe, J. M., Crossley, S., & Ringer, R. (1998). Obesity as a chronic disease: Modern medical and lifestyle management. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, S9-15. The United States is in the midst of an epidemic of obesity involving more than one third of the adult population. The prevalence of obesity increased by 40% between 1980 and 1990. Obesity is a chronic disease with a multifactorial etiology including genetics, environment, metabolism, lifestyle, and behavioral components. A chronic disease treatment model involving both lifestyle interventions and, when appropriate, additional medical therapies delivered by an interdisciplinary team including physicians, dietitians, exercise specialists, and behavior therapists offers the best chance for effective obesity treatment. Lifestyle factors such as proper nutrition, regular physical activity, and changes in eating behaviors should be coordinated by this team. This review addresses the modern epidemic of obesity, the strong association between obesity and comorbidities such as coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. In addition to obesity, the health risks of abdominal obesity and adult weight gain are discussed. The evidence that supports health benefits from modest weight loss (between 5% and 10% of body weight) is evaluated and the 5 key principles of effective obesity therapy are put forward. Obesity is a therapeutic challenge best met by teams of health care professionals, including dietitians and physicians, working together to deliver optimal treatment. Cohen, D. A. (2008). Obesity and the built environment: changes in environmental cues cause energy imbalances. International Journal of Obesity, 32, S137S142. The past 30 years have seen dramatic changes in the food and physical activity environments, both of which contribute to the changes in human behavior that could explain obesity. This paper reviews documented changes in the food

environment, changes in the physical activity environment and the mechanisms through which people respond to these environments, often without conscious awareness or control. The most important environmental changes have been increases in food accessibility, food salience and decreases in the cost of food. The increases in food marketing and advertising create food cues that artificially stimulate people to feel hungry. The existence of a metabolic pathway that allows excess energy to be stored as fat suggests that people were designed to overeat. Many internal mechanisms favor neurophysiologic responses to food cues that result in overconsumption. External cues, such as food abundance, food variety and food novelty, cause people to override internal signals of satiety. Other factors, such as conditioning and priming, tie food to other desirable outcomes, and thus increase the frequency that hunger is stimulated by environmental cues. Peoples natural response to the environmental cues are colored by framing, and judgments are flawed and biased depending on how information is presented. People lack insight into how the food environment affects them, and subsequently are unable to change the factors that are responsible for excessive energy consumption. Understanding the causal pathway for overconsumption will be necessary to interrupt the mechanisms that lead to obesity. Carpenter, C. P. (2009). Designing interagency collaborations between the public education and public health sectors to reduce childhood obesity. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences, 70, 2720. Childhood obesity is a growing problem in the United States. The effects are increased ailments such as early-onset type 2 diabetes, hypertension and decreased mobility (Dalton, 2004). Childhood obesity is a "wicked" issue because it is not easily amenable to traditional management strategies (Conklin, 2006). Therefore, it is imperative to seek out innovative ways of addressing it. One of the resolutions proposed by policy scholars is to consider increasing interagency collaborations to minimize miscommunication, improve client services, and enhance current knowledge. With changing policy environments, interagency collaborations present an opportunity for agencies to work together to solve wicked problems creatively. This dissertation aims to determine whether frontline workers in the public education and public health sectors are interested in and willing to work together to solve the problem of childhood obesity. These frontline workers bring the energy and expertise to work directly with overweight children (Vinzant & Crothers, 1998). To explore the potential of interagency collaborations between public education and public health, I conducted a series of focus groups, supplemented by a Delphi

process, at education and health agencies in a south central state of the United States where childhood obesity is of considerable concern to public policy makers. These two service providers were selected because they are confronted with childhood obesity issues on a recurring basis, they have access to the service recipients, and they are the frontline workers who have the ability to make meaningful change. However, research has shown that they do not collaborate on a routine basis (Blacker, 2000). Through discussions with frontline workers to include their perceptions of agency decision makers, I sought to identify (a) how agency members frame childhood obesity and whether they frame the issues in a similar fashion, (b) what they view as the main barriers to interagency collaborations, and (c) whether they have had experiences in and express a willingness to participate in such collaborations. The results of this dissertation align frontline realities with the concept of interagency collaborations. Representatives from both the public education and public health agencies identified poor nutrition and low activity levels as primary causes of childhood obesity. Additionally, both agencies noted concern about the psychological and emotional well-being of overweight children. However, educators and health professionals differed in how to address childhood obesity in the agency setting. Each agency acknowledged that the family lifestyle of the child was a factor that cannot be changed without parental involvement. There are also limitations to these agencies' participation in interagency collaborations which are beyond their control, such as time constraints and agency support. The participants indicated that current interaction across agency boundaries between frontline workers is rare. Yet the participants contend that internal informal networks exist which could become a framework to include frontline workers from other agencies. According to Sharp (1994), it is likely that childhood obesity will remain on the policy agenda as policy makers' awareness of its seriousness continues to increase. Therefore, it is important to sustain awareness of childhood obesity with state policy makers and agency decision makers. In order to make meaningful change in childhood obesity, coordination between state policy makers and agency champions is needed to identify resources and policies necessary to implement interagency collaborations. Furthermore, funding at the state level is needed for public managers to commit to allowing frontline workers to participate in interagency collaborations. Also, improving communication between frontline workers across agency boundaries is an important step in... (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) Henson, K. E. (2005). Childhood obesity in the United States of America with a special focus on Native American reservation dwelling youths: The problem, the treatments, and how psychology can help. Dissertation Abstracts International:

Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 66, 554. Childhood obesity has become a significant public health problem in the United States over the last several decades. Obese children are at increased risk of chronic physical health problems, mental disorders, and social stigmatization. Several factors affect the development and maintenance of childhood obesity, including poor diet, lack of exercise, biological elements, emotional factors, social and cultural influences, and socioeconomic status. Several treatments have been employed to treat and prevent childhood obesity. These include: inpatient and outpatient programs, schoolbased interventions, summer camps, medication regimes, and surgery. Professionals assert that programs that involve the parents in the treatment offer the greatest levels of success. Childhood obesity also has a significant impact on an often overlooked segment of the United States population, Native American reservation dwelling youths. Rates of obesity and health related consequences, such as diabetes, in these communities far outnumber those of the Euro-American population. However, treatment options for Native American youths are sorely lacking and sometimes inappropriate. This dissertation reviews the available literature on childhood obesity in the United States, including definitions of obesity, prevalence rates, physical, emotional and social consequences of the problem, contributing factors, and available treatments for childhood obesity. The author then reviews the history of Native American tribes and the development of reservation communities. Next, present-day status of Native American communities is discussed including a review of the problem of childhood obesity in these communities, which covers onset and maintenance, beliefs about wellness, and problems with health care delivery. Current treatment options and success rates are then discussed. In the final section the author makes treatment recommendations and makes recommendations for how social psychologists, health psychologists, community psychologists, and school psychologists can aid in community treatment and prevention efforts. The author emphasizes that interventions must maintain cultural congruency to be effective and that providers must be willing to attempt interventions outside the cultural confines of their discipline. Native American health professionals critiqued the treatment recommendation section. A synthesis of their feedback was incorporated and commented on by the author. Svensson, V., Jacobsson, J. A., Fredriksson, R., Danielsson, P., Sobko, T., Schith, H. B., et al. (2011). Associations between severity of obesity in childhood and adolescence, obesity onset and parental BMI: A longitudinal cohort study. International Journal of Obesity, 35, 46-52.

Objective: To explore the relationship between severity of obesity at age 7 and age 15, age at onset of obesity, and parental body mass index (BMI) in obese children and adolescents. Design: Longitudinal cohort study. Subjects: Obese children (n = 231) and their parents (n = 462) from the Swedish National Childhood Obesity Centre. Methods: Multivariate regression analyses were applied with severity of obesity (BMI standard deviation score (BMI SDS)) and onset of obesity as dependent variables. The effect of parental BMI was evaluated and in the final models adjusted for gender, parental education, age at onset of obesity, severity of obesity at age 7 and obesity treatment. Results: For severity of obesity at age 7, a positive correlation with maternal BMI was indicated (P = 0.05). Severity of obesity at this age also showed a strong negative correlation with the age at onset of obesity. Severity of obesity at age 15 was significantly correlated with both maternal and paternal BMI (P < 0.01). In addition, BMI SDS at age 15 differed by gender (higher for boys) and was positively correlated with severity of obesity at age 7 and negatively correlated with treatment. Also, a negative correlation was indicated at this age for parental education. No correlation with age at onset was found at age 15. For age at onset of obesity there was no relevant correlation with parental BMI. Children within the highest tertile of the BMI SDS range were more likely to have two obese parents. Conclusion: The impact of parental BMI on the severity of obesity in children is strengthened as the child grows into adolescence, whereas the age at onset is probably of less importance than previously thought. The influence of parental relative weight primarily affects the severity of childhood obesity and not the timing. Benson, L. J. The role of parental employment in childhood obesity. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 71, 4205 Childhood obesity is a major public health concern, as it has been shown to lead to increased health care costs, reduced quality of life and significant morbidity and mortality. Childhood obesity has been linked to numerous environmental, genetic, and behavioral risk factors. Maternal employment has been shown to exert considerable influence on childhood obesity, however little is known about the role of paternal behaviors in childrens overweight and obesity. The current study addresses this important knowledge gap by examining the joint impact of parental influences on childrens overweight and obesity as measured by body mass index (BMI). The Child Development Supplement (CDS) of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) was used to explore the potential pathways by which maternal and paternal behaviors impact childrens health. In particular, this study investigated

whether father involvement as measured by paternal weekly work hours plays a significant role in the onset of childhood obesity, while taking into account the influence of maternal weekly work hours on child weight. This study found a significant relationship between maternal employment and child BMI, but found that paternal employment plays a significant role as well. The relative importance of parents work hours on child body mass outcomes varied with child age, younger children being more affected by maternal work hours and older children impacted more by paternal work hours. This investigation revealed that parental work hours may impact both the quantity and quality of time spent with ones child. Shared parent-child activities found to have an impact on childhood obesity included yard work, laundry, shopping, building or repair work, food preparation, talking and reading. Additionally, this study found that the relative influence of maternal and paternal employment hours on child BMI differed, with paternal work hours associated with lower child body mass outcomes, and maternal employment predictive of increased risk of childhood obesity. These findings point to a complex dynamic between parental employment and child weight. This studys finding that the impact of fathers hours of work on childhood obesity is significant indicates that ignoring this factor may potentially lead to biased and inconsistent findings. Thus, results of studies that omit paternal employment hours from their modeling, estimation, and inference must be interpreted with a degree of caution. Given parents mutual interest in efficiently providing for the health and well-being of their children in terms of relative investments of time and other resources, the findings of this research provide theoretical support for the observed asymmetries in parental contributions to child health production. The results of this study point to the need for programs and policies that support parents in their individual and shared contributions to maintaining healthy weight outcomes in children. Durand, E. F., Logan, C., & Carruth, A. (2007). Association of maternal obesity and childhood obesity: Implications for healthcare providers. Journal of Community Health Nursing, 24(3), 167-176. The purpose of this critical appraisal was to assess the available literature on the association of maternal obesity as a risk factor for childhood obesity and to explore the implications for incorporating this evidence into practice. The increasing prevalence of childhood obesity, with its documented adverse health effects, is a critical public health threat in the United States and worldwide. Research studies have documented increased rates of childhood obesity associated with maternal obesity. Healthcare providers are challenged to expand their competencies to

recognize the association of maternal obesity and childhood obesity and to address both primary and secondary prevention of childhood obesity. Stopping the cycle of obesity before it becomes the leading cause of preventable disease and death in the United States is a priority for community health nurses. Sharma, M., & Bhanot, S. (2009). Conceptual nature of childhood obesity and its psychosocial consequences. Indian Journal of Community Psychology, 5(2), 272278. Obesity is a global health concern. The problem of obesity is confined not only to adults but also to children and adolescents. In most of the countries childhood obesity has been found to be associated with heredity, increased consumption of processed and fast food, family eating habits, dependence on computers and television for leisure and a less physically active lifestyle. Obesity presents numerous problems for a child. In addition to increasing the risk of obesity during adulthood, childhood obesity is the leading cause of pediatric hypertension, asthma, is associated with type II diabetes mellitus, increases the risk of coronary heart disease, increases stress on the weight bearing joints, lowers self-esteem and affects relationship with peers. Some authorities feel that social and psychological problems are the most significant consequences of obesity in children. Obese children due to inappropriate growth and development, inadequate activity pattern and negative view of others have found to suffer with poor self-esteem, negative self-image, social difficulties, anxiety, sadness, loneliness and depression. Thus, it becomes a matter of serious concern to make efforts to prevent the epidemic of obesity and its associated health disorders. Although the approach in managing obesity is highly individualized, parents and other family members can play an important role in preventing obesity in children. Parents should be educated for various child rearing practices at different stages, for example breastfeeding should be promoted during infancy, proper nutrition and exercise habits during early childhood. A three point plan including exercise management, diet management and behavior modification can be implemented in routine life of young children. In addition to this, certain behavior modification strategies, self-monitoring and recording food intake and physical activity slowing the rate of eating, limiting the time and place of eating, using rewards and incentives for desirable behaviours, can be incorporated to prevent obesity in children. Together with parents and families, health professionals, schools, food companies and local governments have an important role in providing opportunities for children to be healthy and active to fight the battle against obesity epidemic.

Dawes, L. L. Husky dick and chubby jane: A century of childhood obesity in the united states. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences, 71, 2585. This thesis examines changes in how childhood obesity has been measured and diagnosed in the twentieth century (Part I) and developments in understanding its causes and treatment (Part II). The earliest diagnostic techniqueaesthetic judgmenthas been supplemented with quantitative techniques. Childhood obesity can be readily diagnosed by eye and this is responsible for much of the condition's social valence and how it is experienced. Quantitative techniques have measured different characteristics of children's bodies (size, contour, fat content), producing a plethora of techniques rather than a definitive method for diagnosing obesity. Measurement issues are an outcome of continued endeavors to establish whether, how, and why childhood obesity is harmful. Dilemmas are fuelled by vogues in research methodology, a desire to use avant guarde technology, but also by practical needs. Moving from lab, to pediatrician's office, school nurse's office and home, requires translations and compromises. In part two, I argue that responses to childhood obesity reflect societal values and decisions about apportioning responsibility for children's well-being between parents, children themselves, and society. Over time, theories of childhood obesity's etiology have been layered, not replaced, producing an understanding of the condition as complex and multifactorial. Chapters address biological explanations and drug treatment; family environment and psychological factors (Hilde Bruch as a case study); metabolic imbalance and treatment through diet and exercise, specifically diet books and fat camps. Parents' role in causing and treating their child's condition is one of the major threads traced. Increasing rates of childhood obesity since the 1960s have been attributed to the nature of modernespecially Americansociety. Treatment has been conceptualized as changing the child's macro-environment through social activism, legal and public health measures. The increase is often framed as a sign that modernity is, ironically, pathological. Interventions are largely directed at children's behavior, but fail to engage with current understandings implicating the macro-environment. Recognizing that people enjoy and value certain features of the obesogenic environment, and the vested interests in maintaining the status quo, placing major responsibility for managing childhood obesity with children themselves is nonetheless an abrogation of adult responsibilities, and, as history suggests, likely to be ineffective.

Toschke, A. M., Kchenhoff, H., Koletzko, B., & von Kries, R. (2005). Meal frequency and childhood obesity. Obesity Research, 13(11), 1932-1938. Objective: Previous studies have demonstrated an inverse association between meal frequency and the prevalence of obesity in adulthood. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between meal frequency and childhood obesity. Research Methods and Procedures: Stature and weight of 4370 German children ages 5 to 6 years were determined in six Bavarian (Germany) public health offices during the obligatory school entry health examination in 2001/2002. An extensive questionnaire on risk factors for obesity was answered by their parents. Obesity was defined according to sex- and age-specific BMI cut-off points proposed by the International Obesity Task Force. The main exposure was daily meal frequency. Results: The prevalence of obesity decreased by number of daily meals: three or fewer meals, 4.2% *95% confidence interval (CI), 2.8 to 6.1+; four meals, 2.8% (95% CI, 2.1 to 3.7); and 5 or more meals, 1.7% (95% CI, 1.2 to 2.4). These effects could not be explained by confounding due to a wide range of constitutional, sociodemographic, and lifestyle factors. The adjusted odds ratios for obesity were 0.73 (95% CI, 0.44 to 1.21) for four meals and 0.51 (95% CI, 0.29 to 0.89) for five or more meals. Additional analyses pointed to a higher energy intake in nibblers compared with gorgers. Discussion: A protective effect of an increased daily meal frequency on obesity in children was observed and appeared to be independent of other risk factors for childhood obesity. A modulation of the response of hormones such as insulin might be instrumental. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract) Snchez-Villegas, A., Pimenta, A. M., Beunza, J. J., Guillen-Grima, F., Toledo, E., & Martinez-Gonzalez, M. (2010). Childhood and young adult overweight/obesity and incidence of depression in the SUN project. Obesity, 18, 1443-1448. This study included 11,825 participants of a Spanish dynamic prospective cohort based on former students from University of Navarra, registered professionals from some Spanish provinces, and university graduates from other associations, followedup for 6.1 years. We aimed to assess the association between childhood or young adult overweight/obesity and the risk of depression. Participants were asked to select which of nine figures most closely represented their body shape at ages 5 and 20 years. Childhood and young adult overweight/obesity was defined as those cases in which participants reported body shape corresponding to the figures 69 (more obese categories) at age 5 or 20, respectively. A subject was classified as incident

case of depression if he/she was initially free of depression and reported physicianmade diagnosis of depression and/or the use of antidepressant medication in at least one of biannual follow-up questionnaires. The association between childhood and young adult overweight/obesity and incidence of depression was estimated by multiple-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) and its 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Overweight/obesity at age 5 years predicted an increased risk for adult depression (HR = 1.50, 95% CI = 1.062.12), and a stronger association was observed at age 20 years ((HR = 2.22, 95% CI = 1.224.08), (subjects younger than 30 years at recruitment were excluded from this last analysis)). Childhood or young adult overweight/obesity was associated with elevated risk of adult depression. These results, if causal and confirmed in other prospective studies, support treating childhood and young adult overweight/obesity as part of comprehensive adult depression prevention efforts. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract) Huang, T. T. -., & Story, M. T. (2010). A journey just started: Renewing efforts to address childhood obesity. Obesity, 18, 1-3. This is the first supplement on childhood obesity that Obesity has ever published since its inception, thanks to an unrestricted grant from Covidien to The Obesity Society. In light of the desperate need to find solutions to the persistent childhood obesity epidemic after years of limited success, this supplement aims to survey the field for evidence of and insights into community-based solutions to the childhood obesity problem. The opportunity for this supplement came at a turning point in the evolution of childhood obesity research. Several articles in this supplement were chosen because they specifically address the needs of underserved populations, such as Latinos, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders, African Americans, and those in low-resources communities. These are exciting times to engage in childhood obesity research. New lessons and ideas, as evidenced by this supplement, give us hope that there is much work that can and needs to be done. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)

Simonton, S. Z. (2008). In Davies H. D., Fitzgerald H. E. (Eds.), Social inequalities in childhood obesity. Westport, CT, US: Praeger Publishers/Greenwood Publishing Group, Westport, CT. This chapter will examine social disparities in childhood obesity across three distinct

but profoundly interconnected dimensions of social inequality: race and ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and gender. While the prevalence of childhood obesity has increased globally, this chapter will focus exclusively on studies of social inequalities in child obesity among children in the United States. The first section of this chapter will examine how the definition and measurement of childhood obesity may influence our ability to assess the magnitude and health implications of social disparities in child obesity. This will be followed by an overview of the social disparities in child obesity by race and ethnicity. Finally, we will review studies of social inequalities in child obesity by three indices of socioeconomic status (SES): household income and parental educational attainment and occupation. Each of these sections will also consider whether social inequalities in child obesity by race and ethnicity and by SES differ by gender. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)(chapter) Boehmer, T. K., Luke, D. A., Haire-Joshu, D., Bates, H. S., & Brownson, R. C. (2009). Correction: "preventing childhood obesity through state policy: Legislative predictors of bill enactment.". American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 37(3), 262262. Reports an error in "Preventing childhood obesity through state policy: Predictors of bill enactment" by Tegan K. Boehmer, Douglas A. Luke, Debra L. Haire-Joshu, Hannalori S. Bates and Ross C. Brownson (American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2008*Apr+, Vol 34*4+, 333-340). During copyediting, the 2-letter designation for Alaska was inadvertently listed as AL in the fifth column of Table 2 on page 337. The revised table is presented in the current Erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2008-04073-004). Background: To address the epidemic of childhood obesity, health professionals are examining policies that address obesogenic environments; however, there has been little systematic examination of state legislative efforts in childhood obesity prevention. Using a policy research framework, this study sought to identify factors that predict successful enactment of childhood obesity prevention in all 50 states. Methods: A legislative scan of bills introduced during 2003-2005 in all 50 states identified 717 bills related to childhood obesity prevention. Multilevel logistic regression modeling was performed in 2006 to identify bill-level (procedure, composition, and content) and state-level (sociodemographic, political, economic, and industrial) factors associated with bill enactment. Results: Seventeen percent of bills were enacted. Bill-level factors associated with increased likelihood of enactment included having more than one sponsor; bipartisan sponsorship; introduction in the state senate; budget

proposals; and content areas related to safe routes to school, walking/biking trails, model school policies, statewide initiatives, and task forces and studies. State-level political factors, including 2-year legislative session and Democratic control of both chambers, increased enactment. An indicator of state socioeconomic status was inversely associated with bill enactment; economic and industrial variables were not significantly related to bill enactment. Conclusions: In general, bill-level factors were more influential in their effect on policy enactment than state-level factors. This study provides policymakers, practitioners, and advocacy groups with strategies to develop more politically feasible childhood obesity prevention policies, including the identification of several modifiable bill characteristics that might improve bill enactment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) Drewnowski, A., Kurth, C., Jeanne Holden-Wiltse, J., & Saari, J. (1992). Food preferences in human obesity obesity: Carbohydrates versus fats. Appetite, 18, 207221. A large clinical sample of obese men and women were asked for a self-generated list of ten favorite foods. The lists were characterized by frequent instances of foods that are major nutrient sources of fat in the American diet. While obese men listed mainly protein/fat sources (meat dishes) among their favorite foods, obese women tended to list predominantly carbohydrate/fat sources (doughnuts, cookies, cake) and foods that were sweet. There was no evidence that selective preferences for a single macronutrient, carbohydrate, were a standard feature of human obesity. Rather, preferences for major nutrient sources of fat as opposed to carbohydrate may be a primary characteristic of human obesity syndromes.