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What Are Rheumatic Heart Disease and Rheumatic Fever?

Rheumatic (roo-MAT'ik) heart disease is a condition in which the heart valves are damaged. Rheumatoid arthritis is an inflammatory disease that affects the heart, joints, brain and skin. The symptoms of strep throat include: fever painful, tender, red swollen joints pain in one joint that migrates to another one heart palpitations chest pain shortness of breath skin rashes fatigue small, painless nodules under the

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Neiqui Aubrey Antaran Cañete
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105 views4 pages

What Are Rheumatic Heart Disease and Rheumatic Fever?

Rheumatic (roo-MAT'ik) heart disease is a condition in which the heart valves are damaged. Rheumatoid arthritis is an inflammatory disease that affects the heart, joints, brain and skin. The symptoms of strep throat include: fever painful, tender, red swollen joints pain in one joint that migrates to another one heart palpitations chest pain shortness of breath skin rashes fatigue small, painless nodules under the

Uploaded by

Neiqui Aubrey Antaran Cañete
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Rheumatic Heart Disease / Rheumatic Fever

What are rheumatic heart disease and rheumatic fever?


Rheumatic (roo-MAT'ik) heart disease is a condition in which the heart valves are damaged by rheumatic fever. Rheumatic fever begins with a strep throat (also called strep pharyngitis). Strep throat is caused by Group A Streptococcusbacteria. It is the most common bacterial infection of the throat. Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease. It can affect many of the body's connective tissues especially those of the heart, joints, brain or skin. Anyone can get acute rheumatic fever, but it usually occurs in children five to 15 years old. The rheumatic heart disease that results can last for life. The incidence of rheumatic fever/rheumatic heart disease is low in theUnited States and most other developed countries. However, it continues to be the leading cause of cardiovascular death during the first five decades of life in the developing world.

What are the symptoms of strep throat?


Symptoms include (but are not limited to): sudden onset of sore throat pain on swallowing fever, usually 101104F headache red throat/tonsils abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting may also occur, especially in children

In some people, strep throat is very mild with just a few symptoms. Also, sore throats are caused more often by viruses than by a strep infection. Viral throat infections dont raise the risk of rheumatic fever and are not treatable with antibiotics.

What are the symptoms of rheumatic fever?


Symptoms may include: fever painful, tender, red swollen joints pain in one joint that migrates to another one heart palpitations chest pain shortness of breath skin rashes fatigue small, painless nodules under the skin

The symptoms of rheumatic fever usually appear about three weeks after the strep throat.

How can I prevent rheumatic heart disease?


The best defense against rheumatic heart disease is to prevent rheumatic fever from ever occurring. By treating strep throat with penicillin or other antibiotics, doctors can usually stop acute rheumatic fever from developing. People who've already had rheumatic fever are more susceptible to recurrent attacks and heart damage. That's why they're given continuous monthly or daily antibiotic treatment, maybe for life. If their heart has been damaged by rheumatic fever, they're also at increased risk for developing infective endocarditis (also known as bacterial endocarditis), an infection of the heart's lining or valves. In 2007, the American Heart Association updated its guidelines for prevention of endocarditis and concluded that there is no convincing evidence linking dental, gastrointestinal or genitourinary tract procedures with the development of endocarditis. The prophylactic use of antibiotics prior to a dental procedure is now recommended ONLY for those patients with the highest risk of adverse outcome resulting from endocarditis, such as patients with a prosthetic cardiac valve, previous endocarditis, or those with specific forms of congenital heart disease. The guidelines no longer recommend prophylaxis prior to a dental procedure for patients with rheumatic heart disease unless they also have one of the underlying cardiac conditions listed above. Antibiotic prophylaxis solely to prevent endocarditis is no longer recommended for patients who undergo a gastrointestinal or genitourinary tract procedure.
Source: http://www.americanheart.org

Tetanus Toxoid (TT)


Tetanus Toxoid Adsorbed USP, forintramuscular use, is a sterile suspension of alum-precipitated (aluminum potassium sulfate) toxoid in an isotonic sodium chloride solution containing sodium phosphate buffer to control pH. The vaccine, after shaking, is a turbid liquid, whitish-gray in color. Clostridium tetani culture is grown in a peptone-based medium and detoxified with formaldehyde. The detoxified material is then purified by serial ammonium sulfate fractionation, followed by sterile filtration, and the toxoid is adsorbed to aluminum potassium sulfate (alum). The adsorbed toxoid is diluted with physiological saline solution (0.85%) and thimerosal (a mercury derivative) is added to a final concentration of 1:10,000. Each 0.5 mL dose is formulated to contain 5 Lf (flocculation units) of tetanus toxoid and not more than 0.25 mg of aluminum. The residual formaldehyde content, by assay, is less than 0.02%. The tetanus toxoid induces at least 2 units of antitoxin per mL in the guinea pig potency test.

Indications
Tetanus Toxoid Adsorbed vaccine is indicated for active immunization of children 7 years of age or older, and adults, against tetanus, wherever combined antigenpreparations are not indicated. This vaccine should not be used for immunizing children below 7 years of age. In children below 7 years of age, either Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids and Acellular Pertussis Vaccine Adsorbed (DTaP) Tripedia, or Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids and Pertussis Vaccine Adsorbed USP (For Pediatric Use) (DTP) is recommended. If a contraindication to pertussis immunization exists, the recommended vaccine is Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids Adsorbed (For Pediatric Use) (DT).

Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to any component of the vaccine, including thimerosal, a mercury derivative, is a contraindication for further use of this vaccine. It is a contraindication to use this or any other related vaccine after a serious adverse reaction temporally associated with a previous dose, including an anaphylactic reaction. A history of systemic allergic or neurologic reactions following a previous dose of Tetanus Toxoid Absorbed vaccine is an absolute contraindication for further use. If a contraindication to using tetanus toxoid-containing preparations exists in a person who has not completed a primary immunizing course of tetanus toxoid and other than a clean, minor wound is sustained, only passive immunization should be given using TIG (Human). Immunization should be deferred during the course of any febrile illness or acute infection. A minor afebrile illness such as a mild upper respiratory infection should not preclude immunization. Elective immunization procedures should be deferred during an outbreak of poliomyelitis.

Dosage
Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for extraneous particulate matter and/or discoloration prior to administration whenever solution and container permit. If these conditions exist, the vaccine should not be administered. Inject intramuscularly in the area of the vastus lateralis (mid-thigh laterally) or deltoid. The vaccine should not be injected into the gluteal area or areas where there may be a major nerve trunk. The following guidelines are derived from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). Primary Immunization for Persons 7 Years of Age and Older A series of three doses of 0.5 mL each, of Tetanus Toxoid Adsorbed vaccine should be given intramuscularly; the second dose of 0.5 mL is given 4 to 8 weeks after the first dose; and the third dose of 0.5 mL is given 6 to 12 months after the second dose. Children who remain incompletely immunized after their seventh birthday should be counted as having prior exposure to tetanus and diphtheria toxoids (e.g., a child who previously received two doses of DTaP or DTP needs only one dose of Tetanus Toxoid Adsorbed vaccine to complete the primary series for tetanus). Interruption of the recommended schedule with a delay between doses does not interfere with the final immunity achieved with Tetanus Toxoid Adsorbed vaccine. There is no need to start the series over again; regardless of the time elapsed between doses. Routine Booster Injections To maintain adequate protection, a booster dose of 0.5 mL of Td (For Adult Use) vaccine or Tetanus Toxoid Adsorbed vaccine every 10 years thereafter is recommended.
Source: www.rxlist.com

Anti-tetanus Serum (ATS)


The composition of your anti-tetatus serum is the attenuated or "weakened" causitive agent of Tetanus, the bacteria called Clostridium tetani. In contrast with your Tetanus Toxoid, it contains not the bacteria but the toxin produced by the C. tetani, also in weakened form.

Indications
Anti-tetanus serum is given for prophylaxis and treatment of tetanus. It contains passive antibodies that can immediately start attacking any antigens if present. While that is going on, the body reacts to the toxoids injected into it by producing its own antibodies, this process is slow thus we need the antitetanus serum for immediate protection.

Contraindications
The major contraindications are any previous history of hypersensitivity reacton to the serum globulin or any of its components, a hypersensitivity reaction to a test dose, and any condition that will contraindicate intramuscular injection such as thrombocytopenia.
Source: wiki.answers.com

Human Tetanus Immunoglobulin (HTIg)


Indication
Human tetanus immunoglobulin is mainly indicated for the prophylaxis and treatment of tetanus, especially suitable for use in individuals hypersensitive to tetanus antitoxin (TAT).

Contraindications
Human tetanus immunoglobulin should not be administered to patients with known hypersensitivity to human immunoglobulin products.

Dosage
Prophylactic dose: The single prophylactic dose for adults or children is 250 IU. The dose may be doubled if the wound is severe or grossly contaminated. Reference therapeutic dose: 3000 to 6000 IU, which should be administered in divided doses at different sites.
Source: http://aptekas.com/shop1/p~10/i~223/

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