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S.S.C

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

OMTEX CLASSES2011-12 8 YEARS OF SUCCESS

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY STANDARD X 1

Ch. No. 1. SCHOOL OF

ELEMENT S
Q1. A. Fill in the blanks. 1. The formula of chloride of metal M is MCl

. The metal M belongs to group 2.2. 18

th

group in the periodic table contains

elements that are all gases at roomtemperatur e.3. The arrangement of elements in a group of three is

known as traids.4. The law used by Newlands to arrange elements is known as

Newlands Octaves. 5. The element eka aluminum in Mendeleevs

periodic table is known as Gallium inmodern periodic table.6. Elements showing properties of

both metals and non metals are known asmetalloids.

Q1. B. Match the columns.

Column I Column II 1. Sodium2. Cerium3. Sulphur4. Manganesea. Lanthanideb.

Metalloidc. Transition metald. Noble metale. Metalf. Non metal.

Ans.Column I Column II 1. Sodium2. Cerium3. Sulphur4. Manganesee. Metala.

Lanthanidef. Non metalc. Transition metalb. Metalloid

S.S.C

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

OMTEX CLASSES2011-12 8 YEARS OF SUCCESS

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY STANDARD X 2

Q2. Give scientific reasons. 1.

Atomic size increases down the group. Ans.i. The atomic numbers of the elements increase as we

go down the group. Thus, theelements placed lower have more electrons.ii. To accommodate these electrons

new shells are added to the atom.iii. These new shells take the outermost electrons farther from

the nucleus causingatomic size (radius) to increase as we go down the group. 2.

Metallic character decreases from left to right in a period. Ans.i. Atoms of metals tend to lose

electrons, whereas those of non metals tend to gainthem.ii. In a period, as we go from left

to right, atomic number increases, increasing thenumber of electrons and protons.iii.

These additional electrons are placed in the same outer shell and are stronglyattracte d towards the positively

 charged nucleus.iv. This strong attraction does not allow loss of electrons, causing metallic

character todecrease from left to right in a period. 3. Elements in the same group

show the same valency. Ans.i. Valency is the number of electrons given, taken or shared by an atom to

completeits outermost shell.ii. All the elements in the same group have the same number of electrons in

theiroutermost shells.iii. Thus, all these elements take, give or share the same number of electrons.iv.

Hence, elements in the same group show the same valencys.

S.S.C

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

OMTEX CLASSES2011-12 8 YEARS OF SUCCESS

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY STANDARD X 3

Q3. Answer the following 1.

How could the modern periodic table remove various anomalies of Mendeleevs periodic table? Ans.i.

A periodic table is a tabular arrangement of elements such that the elements can beclassified on the basis of

their common properties.ii. Properties of elements are related to their electronic configuration which in

turndepends on their atomic numbers.iii. In the modern periodic table, the elements are arranged in the ascending order

of theiratomic numbers such that the elements having similar properties fall in the same group.iv.

This arrangement removed various anomalies of Mendeleevs periodic table which

depended on atomic masses of the elements. 2. In modern periodic table, which are the metals, non

metals and metalloids among thefirst 20 elements? Ans. In the modern periodic table, among

the first 20 elements, following are the metals,non metals and metalloids.

Metals Non metals Metalloids Lithium (Li)Beryllium (Be)Sodium (Na)Magnesium (Mg)Aluminium

(Al)Potassium (K)Calcium (Ca)Hydrogen (H)Helium (He)Carbon (C)Nitrogen (N)Oxygen (O)Fluorine

(F)Neon (Ne)Phosphorus (P)Sulphur (S)Chlorine (Cl)Argon (Ar)Boron (B)Silicon (Si) 3.

What are the demerits of Mendeleevs periodic table? Ans.i. Mendeleev could not assign a correct position

to hydrogen in the periodic table ashydrogen resembles alkali metals as well as halogens.ii.

Isotopes had to be given the same position in the periodic table though isotopes of the same elements

have different atomic masses.

S.S.C

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

OMTEX CLASSES2011-12 8 YEARS OF SUCCESS

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY STANDARD X 4

iii. It was observed that at certain

places, an element of higher atomic mass Cobalt(Co=58.93 ) has been placed before an element of

lower atomic mass Nickel (Ni =58.71).iv. Some elements placed in the same sub - group varies in their properties.

Manganeseis placed with halogens which totally differ in the properties. 4. Define atomic size. How does

it vary in a period and in a group? Ans.i. Atomic size is determined by the atomic radius.ii.

For an isolated atom, its atomic radius is the distance between the centre of theatom (i.e. centre of its

nucleus) and its outermost shell.iii. Generally, in the period, the atomic radius decreases from left to right.iv.

In a group, the atomic radius increases from top to bottom.

Q. 4. Name 1. Three elements having a single

electrons in their outermost shell. Ans. Hydrogen, Lithium, Sodium, Potassium. 2.

Three elements with filled outermost shell. Ans. Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon. 3.

Three elements having 7 electrons in their outermost shell. Ans. Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine.

S.S.C

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

OMTEX CLASSES2011-12 8 YEARS OF SUCCESS

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY STANDARD X 5

Ch. No. 2. THE MAGIC OF CHEMICA L REACTION S

Q1. Fill in the blanks: 1. The chemical formula of POP is 2CaSO

4 2

.H

O.2. The chemical reaction during which H

2(g)

is lost is termed as oxidation.3.

Corrosion can be prevented by using anti-rust solution.4. When acids and alkalis react together, salt

and water are formed.5. The chemical reactions is which heat is liberated are called

exothermic reactions.

Q2. Match the following Reactants Products Types of reactions.Fe + SCuSO

4

+ Zn2Cu+O
2

HCl + NaOHNaCl +H
2 4

O2CuOZnSO + CuFeSOxidation

NeutralizationDi splacementComb inationAnsReact ants Products Types of reactions.Fe + SCuSO

4

+ Zn2Cu+O
2

HCl + NaOHFeSZnSO
4

+ Cu2CuONaCl + H
2

OCombinationDi splacementOxid ationNeutraliza tion

Q3. Answer the following. 1.

What is the importance of a chemical equation?Ans. A chemical equation can convey the

following information.i. Reactants and products involved in the reaction.ii. Symbols and formulae of all

substances involved in the reaction.iii. Relative number of reactants and product participating in the reaction.iv.

Relative masses of reactants and products.v. Physical states of reactants and products.
S.S.C

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

OMTEX CLASSES2011-12 8 YEARS OF SUCCESS

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY STANDARD X 6

2. What do you observe when H

S gas is passed through Cadmium Chloride solution?Name the type of reaction.Ans.i.

When H
2

S is passed through cadmium chloride solution, yellow precipitate of

cadmium sulphate and hydrochloric acid solution are obtained.ii. The reaction is a double

displacement reaction.3. What do you understand by the term Redox Reactions?

Explain with one example. Ans.i. When oxidation and reduction take place simultaneously in a given

chemicalreactio n, it is called redox reaction or oxidationreduction.ii. No oxidation can take place without

reduction and there is no reduction withoutoxidation at the same time.iii. When carbon monoxide is

passed over heated ferric oxide, carbon monoxidegains oxygen (i.e. gets oxidized) to form carbon dioxide. At the

same time, ironoxide gets reduced to metallic iron by the loss of oxygen.iv. Fe
2

O
3

+ CO 2Fe +2CO
2

4. What is corrosion? Do

gold ornaments corrode? Justify.Ans.i. The slow process of decay or distinction ions of a metal due

to the effect of air,moisture, acids, alkalies, or other chemicals on it is called corrosion.ii.

Ordinarily, gold ornaments do not get corroded.iii. Gold is one of the least reactive metals. It does not

react with air, moisture,sweat, or ordinary pollutants in air or water. Hence, it does not get corroded.
S.S.C

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

OMTEX CLASSES2011-12 8 YEARS OF SUCCESS

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY STANDARD X 7

Q4. Give scientific reasons. 1. Grills of doors and windows are always painted

before they are used.Ans.i. Usually grills of doors and windows are made of iron.ii. Iron objects get rusted on

exposure to moist air.iii. Since air always contains moisture, iron grills get rusted.iv.

Painting iron objects prevents rusting, hence iron grills of doors and windows arepainted

before they are used.2. Physical states of reactants and products are mentioned while writing a

chemicalequatio n.Ans.i. To make a chemical equation more informative, the physical states of thereactants

and products are mentioned along with their chemical formulae.ii. The gaseous, liquid, aqueous and solid states

of reactants and products arerepresented by the notations (g), (l), (aq) and (s) respectively.iii.

The word aqueous (aq) is written if the reactant or product is present as asolution in water.3.

Potassium Ferrocyanide is stored in dark coloured bottles and kept away from sunlight.Ans.i.

Potassium Ferrocyanide gets decomposed when exposed to bright light.ii. The dark colours of the bottles

absorb a lot of energy from the light passingthrough it.iii. If stored in dark

coloured bottles, it does not get enough light energy todecompose.iv. Hence, potassium

Ferrocyanide is stored in dark coloured bottles and keptaway from sunlight to prevent its decomposition.4.

Iron articles rust readily whereas steel which is also mainly made of iron will notundergo corrosion.Ans.i.

One of the properties of iron is that it reacts with oxygen in the presence of moisture and gets corroded

by forming rust.ii. Air contains oxygen and moisture. Hence, iron readily rust when exposed to air.

S.S.C

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

OMTEX CLASSES2011-12 8 YEARS OF SUCCESS

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY STANDARD X 8

iii. Steel (stainless steel, not mild steel) is an alloy of iron having the property toresist corrosion

including rusting.iv. Hence, stainless steel, though it contains iron, does not undergo corrosion.5.

Edible oil is not allowed to stand for a long time in an iron or tin container.Ans.i. If edible oil is allowed to stand for a long time

in an iron or tin container the fattyacids in the oil react with rust flakes or powder to form salts.ii.

These salts contaminate the oil and hence the oil becomes rancid.iii. Rancid oils have a foul odour and

unpleasant taste.iv. Thus, rancid oil is of no use. Hence, Edible oil is not allowed to stand for a longtime in an

iron or tin container to avoid rancidity.6. Edible oil is not allowed to stand for a long time in air.Ans.i.

When edible oils are left exposed to air for long period of time, they becomerancid (i.e. the oils get oxidized.)ii.

Rancid oils have a foul odour and unpleasant taste.iii. Thus, rancid oil is of no use.iv. Edible oils is not allowed to stand

exposed to air for long to avoid rancidity.Q5. We feel fresh while on a morning walk in natural surroundings.

Why dont we feel the same after 10 a.m. and during rush hours? Write a chemical reaction to support you

statement?Ans.i . Early in the morning the air is fresh, has less pollutants due to low vehicular

traffic.Breathin g less polluted air gives us the feeling of freshness.ii. After 10 a.m. vehicular traffic

increases. Fast moving vehicles raise dust in the air,and the partially burnt fuels set free carbon particles and carbon

monoxide. The airalso gets polluted with oxides of nitrogen and sulphur dioxide (diesel, petrolcontains

certain amount of sulphur.iii. Inhaling polluted air makes us feel tired.iv. (a) sulphur burns in the air

to produce sulphur dioxide: S+O

2 2

SO . v.

Partial burning of carbon (petrol, diesel, being hydrocarbon contain carbon) whichproduced

carbon monoxide:

.
S.S.C

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

OMTEX CLASSES2011-12 8 YEARS OF SUCCESS

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY STANDARD X

Q6. Explain the following terms: Ans.1. Rancidity : Rancidity is a chemical process in which edible oils or

fats get oxidized over aperiod of time and become inedible (unfit for human consumption) is

called rancidity.2. Endothermic reactions : The reactions in which heat is absorbed are called

endothermicrea ctions. The reactants absorb heat for form products.3. Redox reaction : The chemical reactions in

which oxidation and reduction takes placesimultaneou sly are called redox reactions.

Red stands for reduction and ox stands for oxidation.4. Neutralization: The chemical reaction in which an acid

and alkali (base) react together toform salt and water is called neutralization. The resulting solution is neither acidic

nor basicbut is neutral. This reaction is known as neutralization reaction.Q7. Take finely powdered Zinc

and allow it to react with CuSO

4

solution. Then take Zincgranules and carry out the same reaction.

Which reaction will take place faster and why?Ans.i. The reaction between powdered zinc and copper

sulphate solution is faster thanthat between zinc granules and copper sulphate solution.ii.

This is because one of the factors that controls the rate of reaction is the size of theparticles. The smaller the

particles, the faster s the reaction.iii. Zinc granules are larger than powdered zinc. Hence, the rate of reaction is

fasterwhen powdered zinc is used.

S.S.C

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

OMTEX CLASSES2011-12 8 YEARS OF SUCCESS

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY STANDARD X 10

Ch. No. 3. THE ACID BASE

CHEMISTR Y
Q1. Fill in the blanks: 1. Most of the acidic

substances are sour in taste.2. Phenolphthalein is synthetic type of indicator.3. The strength of basic substance

is represented by pH.4. pH scale ranges from zero to fourteen.5. Acids and bases neutralize each

other to form salt and water.6. Sodium or potassium salts of higher fatty acids are termed as soap.7.

In FeSO
4 2 2

. 7H O.H O represents water of

crystallization.8 . 10% NaCl is known as brine.

Q2. Name the carboxylic acids present in

Acid AcidTamarindBu tterRoots of plant valerumLemonTa rtaric acidButyric acid-------------

Citric acidMilkOrange Red antsHoney bee stingLactic acidCitric acidFormic acidFormic acid

Q3. Write short notes on 1. Indicators (with proper example).Ans. The acidic and basic nature of

the compounds can also be indicated by somenatural as well as chemical substances. These substances are

known as indicators. Rose petals Turmeric Beetroot are natural indicators.i.

Acid base indicators: Some chemical substances such as phenolphthalein, methyl orange,

eosin are synthetic indicators.ii. Olfactory indicators: Substances whose odour changes in

acidic or basic solutionare called olfactory indicator. An olfactory indicator works on the principle thatwhen an

acid or base is added to it, then its odour cannot be detected.Exampl es: onion and clove extract.iii.

Universal indicators: Universal indicator is a mixture of several indicators whichgives

different colours at different pH values of the pH scale.

S.S.C

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

OMTEX CLASSES2011-12 8 YEARS OF SUCCESS

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY STANDARD X 11

iv. Uses of indicators: The

acidic or basic nature of a compound can be judged. It isused in agriculture to determine the pH of the soil.2.

pH scale (with proper diagram).Ans.i. The pH scale helps in measuring the concentration of hydrogen

irons in asubstance.ii. The pH scale has a range between 0 and 14.iii. pH 7 represents a neutral substance, i.e., a

substance that is neither acidic norbasic.iv. An acidic substance has a pH value between 0 and 7. Whereas a basic

substancehas a pH between 7 and 14.v. Lower the pH of an acid, greater is the concentration of H+ ions, greater

the pHof a base, greater is the concentration of OH ions.3. Water of crystallization (with proper example)Ans.i.

Water of crystallization is the fixed number of water molecules present in thecrystal structure.ii.

For example, chemical formula of hydrated copper sulphate is CuSO

4 2

.5H

O.Copper sulphate has 5 molecules of water of crystallization.ii i. Sodium carbonate is Na

CO
3 2

.10H O. Sodium carbonate has 10 molecules of water of

crystallization.iv . On heating or on exposure to air, the above salts lose water of crystallization

andform anhydrous substances.

Q4. Answer the following: 1. How do metal carbonates

react with acids?

S.S.C

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

OMTEX CLASSES2011-12 8 YEARS OF SUCCESS

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY STANDARD X 12

Ans. When a metal carbonate or metal hydrogen carbonate

reacts with an acid, it formscorrespon ding salt and carbon dioxide gas.2.

Explain in detail about hydronium ion.Ans.i. The strength of an acid is measured in terms of the extent of

ionization of theacid in aqueous solution.ii. Higher the H

+

ions concentration

stronger is the acid.iii. Hydrogen ion (H

+

) does not exist alone. H

+

ion being unstable, it combines withH

2

O to form hydronium ion (H

3

).3. What is universal indicator? Does Mg(OH)

2

react with sodium

hydroxide? If not, why?Ans.i. Universal indicator is an indicator which is a mixture of several indicators.ii.

It has a very wide range and can indicate pH value almost from 0 to 14.iii. When one or two drops of universal

indicator is added to a solution, it changesits colour. This colour is matched against the colour on a

standard colour chart(usually given on its bottle) to find the pH, and the pH value can be read. Thisindicates

the strength of the solution too.iv. Universal indicator is available as a solution or in

the form of paper strips.

S.S.C

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

OMTEX CLASSES2011-12 8 YEARS OF SUCCESS

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY STANDARD X 13

Mg(OH)
2

does not react with sodium

hydroxide as both are bases. 4. State application (uses) of baking soda.

Ans. Baking soda, also called sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO

3

), has many applications.i.

It is used in preparing soft, fluffy food items such as loaves of bread, cakes anddhokla.ii.

Being used to treat slightly alkaline hyperactivity in the stomach.iii. Its solution is used in fire extinguishers to

produce carbon dioxide and water.Q5. How do acids and bases react with each other? What is the name of the

process? Whatproduct is obtained out of these reaction?Ans.i. Acid reacts with base to form salt and water.ii.

It is known that, acid generates H

+

and base generates OH

-

ions.iii. The H
+

ions of an acid and OH

-

ions of a base react with each other to form unionizedwater. The process is

termed as neutralization.iv . The product obtained out of this reaction is salt and water.
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Ch. No. 1. SCHOOL OF ELEMENTS Ch. No. 2. THE MAGIC OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS Ch. No. 3. THE ACID BASE CHEMISTRY Ch. No. 4. THE ELECTRIC SPARK Ch. No. 5. All about Electromagnetism Ch. No. 6. Wonders of Light Part I Ch. No. 7. Wonders of light part II Ch. No. 8. Understanding Metals and Non metals Ch. No. 10. Lifes Internal Secrets Ch. No. 11. The Regulators of Life Ch. No. 12 The Life Cycle Ch. No. 13. Mapping our Genes

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