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Origins
Sakyamuni Buddha (Shaka Butsu in Japanese) taught
about a Buddha named Amitabha ("Boundless Light,"
also known as Amitayus, or "Boundless Life") who
presides over a Buddha-realm known as Sukhavati, a
realm of rebirth in which all impediments to the
attainment of final Enlightenment are nonexistent.
This realm, or Pure Land (also known as the Realm of
Bliss) is the result of the accumulated merit of the
Bodhisattva Dharmakara, who practiced for eons
before becoming the Buddha Amitabha. Dharmakara
vowed that when he attained Buddhahood, the realm
over which he would preside would include the finest
features of all the other Buddha-realms. These other
realms were revealed to Dharmakara by his teacher,
the Buddha Lokesvararaja.
Pure Land Buddhism is described as the Path of Serene Trust, or "prasada" in
Sanskrit. This term is broadly interpreted as "faith," and means that one has
serene trust and confidence in the power and wisdom of Buddhas, or that one has
the firm conviction that the Bodhisattva Vow made by all Buddhas, namely, to lead
all sentient beings to Enlightenment, has been or will be fulfilled.
Praising a Buddha's virtues and keeping a Buddha in mind at all times has been
practiced since the earliest days of Buddhism. Indeed, the act of taking refuge in
the Buddha means to put one's trust in the Buddha as an honored teacher. In the
Pratyutpanna Sutra, an early Buddhist text, Sakyamuni Buddha talks about the
practice of Pratyutpanna Samadhi, in which one can directly perceive the Buddhas
of the Ten Directions face to face.
The object of Pure Land Buddhism is rebirth into the Realm of Bliss. This may be
seen as literal rebirth into the Buddha-realm called Sukhavati and/or as
experiencing the direct realization of the realm of the Purified Mind, in which a
person becomes one with the limitless Compassion and Widsom which are the
prime characteristics of Buddha Amitabha. Pure Land Buddhism rests on the
following tripod:
1. Faith.
The Vows
Bodhisattva Dharmakara made 48 vows regarding the nature of his yet-to-be
Buddha-realm. Among these are four very crucial vows, the 18th, 19th, 20th and
22nd. These vows are enumerated in the Larger Sukhavati Sutra, one of the three
main Pure Land scriptures.
• The 18th vow states that anyone who has vowed to be reborn into the Realm
of Bliss and has dedicated their roots of merit to this rebirth will indeed be
reborn there, even if this vow has been sincerely made as few as ten times.
• The 19th vow states that Amitabha Buddha will appear at the moment of
death to one who cultivates virtue, resolves to seek awakening, and single-
mindedly aspires to be reborn into the Realm of Bliss.
• The 20th vow guarantees rebirth into the Realm of Bliss for those who have
cultivated virtue, have sought awakening, and have single-mindedly aspired
to be reborn into this realm.
• The 22nd vow states that once reborn into the Realm of Bliss, one may either
complete the Bodhisattva Path and attain Perfect Full Awakening, or may
take what are known as the Vows of Samanthabhadra, namely to follow the
full Bodhisattva Path and to return to the cycle of rebirth to save all sentient
beings.
The Sutras
The principal Pure Land sutras are:
• The Smaller Sukhavati Sutra, in which Sakyamuni Buddha speaks to his
disciple Sariputra about the Realm of Bliss, giving a concise description of
Amitabha's Buddha-realm. This is probably the most recited of the three
main Pure Land sutras.
• The Larger Sukhavati Sutra, in which Sakyamuni Buddha gives his disciple
Ananda a detailed description of the Realm of Bliss. He also recounts the
history of the Bodhisattva Dharmakara and describes the 48 vows in detail.
• The Visualization Sutra or Kuan Wu-Liang-Shou-Fo Ching, which was
composed in China. This sutra, also regarded as a meditation manual, gives
a detailed description of the features of the Pure Land. This includes
descriptions of the characteristics of Amitabha Buddha and the attendant
Bodhisattvas: Avalokitesvara, representing engaged compassion, and
Mahasthamaprapta, representing wisdom. Avalokitesvara means "Regarder
of the Cries of the World," while Mahasthamaprapta means "The One Who
Has Attained Great Strength."
Self-Power/Other-Power
Whenever Pure Land Buddhism is discussed these two important concepts usually
arise. Self-Power refers to to methods we practice on our own, the power of our
own mind. Other-Power refers to the power of the vows of Amitabha Buddha
which facilitate rebirth in the Realm of Bliss, as well as the manifestation of these
vows through the transference of Amitabha's own merit to us.
In classical Pure Land Buddhism, Self-Power and Other-Power work together.
Through recitation, meditation and visualization practices, vowing to be reborn
and manifesting the mind of faith, we attain Buddha Remembrance Samadhi,
uniting one's Self-Power with the Other-Power of Buddha Amitabha, the essence
of Universal Compassion and Wisdom.
In Japanese Pure Land Buddhism however, there is an exclusive reliance on
Other-Power. Reciting the Buddha's name with faith is all that is necessary, and
Other-Power practices are seen as essentially useless. A person is totally reliant on
the Primal Vow of Amida Buddha; essentially, the saying of the Buddha's name
arises solely from the power of Amida's vows. This causes Japanese Pure Land to
be more of a salvation-based form, unlike the classical Pure Land Buddhism that
originally developed in China.
Mantra
Amida Buddha’s mantra is the “Nembutsu”: