Microfluidics: Basic Principles

Microfluidics
Basic principles
07/28/12
Microfluidics
Microfluidics aims at investigating
and developing miniature devices which can sense, pump, mix, monitor and control small volume of fluids
Microfluidics has the potential to
revolutionize the processes and products that can use fluids07/28/12 by
Microfluidics
Advantages of miniaturized channels and
reservoirs
Work with small volume Increase speed of reaction Better performance with lower power Precise mixing / dosage and heating Can be integrated with other devices- e.g lab on a
chip (LOC) Ease of disposing of device and fluids High surface to volume ratio/ low Reynolds numbers Reduce cost of reagents and power consumption Minimize dead space, void volume, and sample carryover Multiplex capability: increased number of 07/28/12 parameters monitored per assay
Applications of Microfluidics System

Chemical analysis Biological sensing Chemical sensing Drug delivery Molecular separation Amplification, sequencing,
synthesis of nucleic acids

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Challenges for total integration

Integrating microvalves and
micropumps Packaging Interconnects (optimize, reduce, eliminate) Filling, bubbles, dead volume Leakage Integrated, ultra sensitive detection Sensitivity limited by sample volume Expensive low power pressure sources Control algorithms, data processing 07/28/12 and
Outline
Fluid basic properties Components for fluidic
devices Some devices and applications

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Basic Properties
Basic fluidic concepts Conversation of Mass-
continuity equation Newtons second law-Navier stokes equation Incompressible laminar flow Squeeze film in MEMS
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Gases and Liquids
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Microfluidics
Fluid has volume but no shape Any substance that deforms
continuously under the application of shear Microfluidics Fluid dynamics in microscopic domains
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Macro assumptions
Fluid behaves as continuum Fluid sticks to surface- no slip
condition
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Fluid movement
Gravity pumped Vacuum pumps Electro-osmotic flow Thermal flow Material in the fluid is moved
electrostatically
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Basic Properties
Types of fluids
Newtonian Non-Newtonian
Fluid flow
Laminar flow Turbulant flow
Parameters
Shear Viscosity Surface tension
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Fluids
Newtonian fluids
Shear stress is proportional to shear strain
Non-Newtonian Fluids
Time independent with yield stress Time dependent with shear rate of
deformation magnitude and time history Viscoelastic-allows to recover some of the deformation energy
Most of the body fluids are Non-Newtonian
fluids
Blood viscosity is smaller in thin vessels
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Stress-strain for a fluid
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Topics in fluids
Ideal gas law Navier-stokes equation Laminar flow
Poiseuille flow
Viscosity
Surface tension Capillary forces
Reynolds Number Knudsen Number Diffusion Electroosmotic flow Electrophoresis Mixing
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Density
Density of fluid depends on
pressure, P and temperature, T Gases are compressible For an ideal gas:
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Ideal gases
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Fluids-types of flow
Laminar flow-steady Energy losses are dominated by viscosity effects Turbulent flow
Most flow in nature are
turbulent Reynolds Number is a measure of turbulence

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Newtons second law of fluidics

Newtons second law:
Time rate of change of momentum of a
system equal to net force acting on the system
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Navier-Stokes Equation
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Navier-Stokes Equation
Navier-Stokes Equation applies when:
There are more than one million molecules in
smallest volume that a macroscopic change takes place The flow is not too far from thermodynamic equilibrium
In microsystems, continuum assumptions
seem to hold reasonably well Breaks down in nanosystems-requires molecualr dynamics calculations
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Navier-Stokes Equation in microfluidics

Terms become dominant based on physics
of scale In microfluidics, internal forces dominate due to small dimensions, even though velocity can be high
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Laminar and turbulent flows

Laminar flow
Viscous interaction between the wall and the
fluid is strong and there is no turbulence and vortices
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Laminar flow
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Couette flow
This is a steady flow
One of the plate is moving with respect to the
other
No slip at any of the plates Shear stress acts on plate due to motion
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Poiseuille flow
This is a pressure driven flow No slip at any of the plates Shear stress is dissipative The pressure force is balanced by shear
forces at the walls
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Pressure driven flow
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Flow velocity profiles

Assume that we have both pressure driven
(Poiseuille flow) and plate motion (Couette flow)
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Fluidic resistance
Resistance = pressure drop/ flow rate For laminar flow in circular plate
For rectangular channel
For micromachined channel in Si
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Viscosity
Viscosity is a measure of resistance
(friction) of the fluid to the flow This determines flow rate Symbol: and in some books
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Basic properties-viscosity
Fluids and gases are very different
Fluids become less viscous as temperature
increases Gases become more viscous as temperature increases
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Viscosity in gases and fluids

Gases
Fluids
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Viscosity
Fluid deforms continuously in presence of
shear forces For a Newtonian fluid
Some values
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Examples of viscosity at a certain temperature
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Viscosity and Temperature
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Surface Tension
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Forces- capillary effects

A wetting fluid will rise in a capillary tube Equilibrium: pressure drop across meniscus Surface tension viscosity
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Capillary forces
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Reynolds Number
Reynolds Number (Re) = intertial
forces/viscous forces Re = Kinetic energy/energy dissipated by shear Implies inertia relatively important
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High and Low Reynolds Number Fluidics

When the Reynolds number is low, Viscous
interaction between the wall and the fluid is strong, and there si no turbulence or vortices
Is This Flow Turbulent?
Mixing
Microchannel cross sections
Re and Size
Knudsen Number
Knudsen Number assumes that we can
treat the material as a Continuum Continuum hypothesis holds true for liquids than gases
Kn measures deviation of the state of the
material continuum
The smallest length scale of a continuum
Stokes-Einstein Diffusion
Diffusion in Fluids
Very short diffusion times
Laminar flow limits benefits for fluid mixing Highly predictable diffusion has enabled a
new class of microfluidic diffusion mixers
Fluid Squeeze
Squeeze film damping
Summary
Re= Turbulent/viscous stresses Re < 2100 : laminar (stokes) flow
regime, slow fluid flow, no inertial effects Laminar flow in microfluidics Slow time constant, heavy damping Re > 4000: turbulent flwo regime
Fluid Behaviour
What happens when the fluid is on the
micro/nanoscale Scaling:
Quantities proportional L3 Inertia, Buoyancy Quantities proportional L2
Drag, surface charge, etc
Quantities proportional L1 Surface tension
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Microfluidics

Microfluidics has the potential to

revolutionize the processes and products that can use fluids07/28/12 by

Applications of Microfluidics System

synthesis of nucleic acids

Challenges for total integration

devices Some devices and applications

Gases and Liquids

Stress-strain for a fluid

Surface tension Capillary forces

Reynolds Number Knudsen Number Diffusion Electroosmotic flow Electrophoresis Mixing

pressure, P and temperature, T Gases are compressible For an ideal gas:

turbulent Reynolds Number is a measure of turbulence

Newtons second law of fluidics

system equal to net force acting on the system

Navier-Stokes Equation in microfluidics

Laminar and turbulent flows

fluid is strong and there is no turbulence and vortices

forces at the walls

Pressure driven flow

Flow velocity profiles

(Poiseuille flow) and plate motion (Couette flow)

For rectangular channel

For micromachined channel in Si

increases Gases become more viscous as temperature increases

Viscosity in gases and fluids

shear forces For a Newtonian fluid

Examples of viscosity at a certain temperature

Viscosity and Temperature

Forces- capillary effects

High and Low Reynolds Number Fluidics

Is This Flow Turbulent?

Microchannel cross sections

Kn measures deviation of the state of the

The smallest length scale of a continuum

new class of microfluidic diffusion mixers

Quantities proportional L1 Surface tension

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