by Prof.

Mary Bodra

No HR

more a personnel department is being seen as a strategic HR partner

SHRM

involves making the function of managing people the most important priority in the organization and integrating all HR programs and policies within the framework of a companys strategy

by Prof. Mary Bodra

Strategic

HRM realizes that people make or break an organization because all decisions made regarding finance, marketing, operations or technology are made by an organizations people

Strategic

HRM involves the development of a consistent, aligned collection of practices ,programs and policies to facilitate the achievement of the organizations strategic objectives

by Prof. Mary Bodra

The Evolving Strategic Role of HRM

Strategic Human Resource Management is the process of linking the human resource function with the strategic objectives of the organization in order to improve performance

Establishing a strong HR strategy that is clearly linked to the organizations strategy is not enough HR strategy needs to be communicated, practicedspelled out and written down

by Prof. Mary Bodra

Ulrich's Model of Human Resource Management

Strategic Focus Strategic partner Change Agent

Systems

People

Administrative Expert Operational

Employee Champion

by Prof. Mary Bodra

Ulrich's Model of Human Resource Management

HR can be defined by what it does, or by what it

delivers HR can perform 4 different Roles Strategic Partner: HR is responsible for the organizational architecture / structure; work with executive team to add value and achieve company objectives.
Administrative Expert: HR makes sure that

the work gets done effectively and efficiently; streamline and automate most operations
by Prof. Mary Bodra

Ulrich's Model of Human Resource Management

Change Agent: HR helps the organization

adopt and profit from change; helps plan for and overcome resistance to change.
Employee Champion: Change Agent: HR

responsible for motivating, advocating for, and representing the employees; work with and train line managers to achieve these goals

by Prof. Mary Bodra

Traditional HRM Responsibility for HR programmes Staff personnel in the HR department

SHRM Line managers,all managers responsible for people are HR managers

human resource management and traditional HR Focus of activities Employees Partnerships with internal functions differ in several ways(adapted fromexternal customers relations,motivation,productivity,c and Mellow 2003)
ompliance with laws Role of HR Reactive and transactional Proactive and transformational,change leader

Strategic

Initiative for change

Slow,piecemeal,fragmented,not integrated with larger issues

Fast,flexible,systematic, change initiatives implemented in concert with other HR systems

by Prof. Mary Bodra

Traditional HRM Time horizon Short term

SHRM Consider various time frames as necessary (short,medium,or long) Organic control through flexibility as few restrictions on employee behaviour as possible Broad job design,flexibility,teams and groups and cross -training People and their knowledge,skills and abilities

Control

Bureaucratic control through rules ,procedures and policies

Job design

Focus on scientific management principles-division of labour,independence and specialization Capital ,products,technology and finance

Importance investments

Accountability

Cost centre
by Prof. Mary Bodra

Investment centre

SHRM

HR Strategies

A general approach to strategic management Outcome of the general SHRM approach of human resources Aligned with the between SHRM Difference organizational intention Focus on Strategies(adapted and HR specific organizational intentions
about what needs to be done about its future direction

from Armstrong 2000

Focus on long term people issue
Defines the areas in which specific HR strategies need to be developed Focus on macro concerns such as structure culture Strategic HRM decisions are built into the strategic business plan

Focus on specific issues that facilitate the achievement of corporate strategy

Human resource strategy decisions are derived from SHRM

by Prof. Mary Bodra

Strategic Human Resource Management

Evolution of SHRM

PM 1930-1940

HRM Early 1970s

SHRM 1980 onwards

by Prof. Mary Bodra

Old Myth

New Realities

People go in for HR because they like people HR departments are not designed to provide corporate theraphy.HR professionals must create the practice that employees are more competitive, not more comfortable

Anyone can do HR

Myths

about HR Professionals

Hr activities are based on theory and research. HR professionals must muster both theory and practice

HR deals with soft side of business and therefore not accountable

The impact of HR practices on business results can and must be measured .HR professionals must learn how to translate their work into financial performance
by Prof. Mary Bodra

Old Myth HRs job is to be the policy police

New Realities The HR function does not own compliancemanagers do.HR practices do not exist to make employees happy but to help them become comitted.HR professionals must help manager committed towards employees and administer policy

Myths

about HR Professionals
HR practices has evolved over time.HR professionals must see their current work as part of an evolutionary chain and explain their work with less jargon and more authority

HR is full of fads

by Prof. Mary Bodra

Old Myth HR is staffed by nice people

New Realities At times HR should force vigorous debates.HR professionals should be and challenging as well as supportive

HR is HRs job

HR work is important to line managers as are finance, strategy and other business domains. HR professionals should join with managers in championing HR issues Hr practices must create value by increasing the intellectual capital within the firm. HR professionals must add value not reduce costs

Myths

HR focuses on costs which must be controlled

about HR Professionals

by Prof. Mary Bodra

Challenges for HR managers Globalization(1)

Effective

global competition requires more than creating a product in a home market and shipping it as it is to the new market. It requires complex net work of global centres of excellence that draw on technologies invented in one locale and shared worldwide-rapid ideas around the world to meet local needs It needs local commitment(thinking globally but acting locally)

by Prof. Mary Bodra

Challenges for HR managers

Value chain for business competitiveness and HR services(2) HR professionals and theorists have emphasized building HR practices within a form Refocusing HR practices more on the value chain(Suppliers and customers)and less on activities within the firm has profound implications
The

shift to a customer focus redirects attention from the firm to the value chain in which it is embedded
This

help the firm to be more customer responsive

by Prof. Mary Bodra

Challenges for HR managers

Profitability through cost and growth (3) Cutting costs has been one of the means to become more profitable-It is however increasingly being realized that revenue growth is other means for increasing profits
The

point is not to replace cost with growth but to find ways to experience profitable growth by leveraging customers ,leveraging core organizational competencies and inorganic route to Mergers and acquisitions/joint ventures are the other means for profitable growth
by Prof. Mary Bodra

Challenges for HR managers

Capability(4) 1.Building capabilities of confidence 2.Becoming boundary less, allowing flow of information and ideas across hierarchical ,horizontal and external boundaries 3.Achieving capacity for change, the flexibility and agility that allow constant innovation 4.Learning, attaining change that builds on and maintain itself
HR managers have to constantly seek the capablities necessary for success
by Prof. Mary Bodra

Challenges for HR managers

Capability(4) 1.Building capabilities of confidence 2.Becoming boundary less, allowing flow of information and ideas across hierarchical ,horizontal and external boundaries 3.Achieving capacity for change, the flexibility and agility that allow constant innovation 4.Learning, attaining change that builds on and maintain itself
HR managers have to constantly seek the capabilities necessary for success
by Prof. Mary Bodra

Challenges for HR managers

Change(5) Managers ,employees and Organizations must learn to change faster and more comfortably
HR

professionals need to help their organization change 1.How to unlearn what we have learnt 2.How to honour the past and adapt for the future 3.How to encourage risk taking necessary for change without putting the firm in jeopardy 4.How to determine which HR practices to change for transformation and which to leave for continuity

by Prof. Mary Bodra

Challenges for HR managers

Technology(6) Technology

has made our world smaller, closer and fasterideas and images spread quickly worldwide
Technology

will dramatically affect how and where work is done through teleconferencing, telecommunicating and shared data sources Proximity was critical when a firms boundaries were geographical HR Professionals will have to figure out how to make technology a viable and productive part of the setting
by Prof. Mary Bodra

Challenges for HR managers

Attracting ,Retaining and measuring competence and intellectual capital(7) Sourcing and retaining talent has become the competitive battleground Sourcing intellectual capital means upgrading the leadership bench Leadership in the future will be team focused and shared rather than driven by single person The task of seeking intellectual capital will change a firms measurement process(vs profitability or financial performance etc) HR managers will have to seek, identify and use such measures

by Prof. Mary Bodra

Challenges for HR managers

Turnaround(8) Turnaround is not transformation Turnaround so often seen in the corporate world is not transformation Transformation changes the fundamental image of the business as seen by customers and employees Transformation focuses on creating mind-share more than market share HR professionals who focus on transformation create fundamental change
by Prof. Mary Bodra

Challenges for HR managers

Organizations

have difficulty achieving their strategic objectives because employees do not really understand these or how their jobs contribute to overall organizational effectiveness
Fewer

than 50% employees understand their organization strategy

Effective

strategy management require not only that the organizations strategic objective be communicated to employees but that there is a link between employees productivity-relative to these objectives-and the organizations reward system

by Prof. Mary Bodra

Fombrun ,Tichy and devana were the first to formulate the concept of strategic HRM in 1984 These researchers emphasize a strategic fit between HRM and corporate strategy
by Prof. Mary Bodra

Fombrun Model Of HRM

HRD

Selection

Appraisal

Organisational effectiveness

Rewards

by Prof. Mary Bodra

The Harvard Model of Human Resource Management

by Prof. Mary Bodra

Guests Model of HRM

by Prof. Mary Bodra

Guest

by Prof. Mary Bodra

Warwick

by Prof. Mary Bodra

Objectives The objective of the course is to develop the perspective of Strategic human resource management. Specifically the course has the following objectives: Distinguish the strategic approach to human resource from the traditional function
Understand

the relationship of HR strategy with overall Corporate strategy

Understand

the strategic role of specific HR system

by Prof. Mary Bodra

Hendry and Pettigrew (1986) put forward four meanings of SHRM: 1.The use of planning in human resource management 2.An integrated approach to the design and implementation of HR systems 3.Matching HRM policies and activities with the business strategy of the organization 4.Viewing people as a strategic resource for the achievement of competitive advantage
by Prof. Mary Bodra

Once

the business strategy has been determined, an HR strategy is implemented to support the chosen competitive strategy. one-way downward from business- to functionallevel strategy. In this sense, a HR strategy is concerned with the challenge of matching the philosophy, policies, programmes, practices and processes the five Ps

by Prof. Mary Bodra

The major objectives of SHRM are as follows: To ensure the availabilty of a skilled committed and highly motivated workforce in the organization to achieve sustained competitive advantage
To

provide direction to the organization so that both the business needs of the organization and the individual and collective needs of its workforce are met
This

is achieved by developing and implementing HR practices that are strategically aligned

by Prof. Mary Bodra

organization to another
HRM

is practiced in only those organizations that have a clearly articulated corporate or business strategy
Organizations

who do not have a corporate plan cannot

have SHRM
In

such organization HR personnel carry out the traditional administrative and service roles-not concerned with strategic business issues

by Prof. Mary Bodra

(SHRM)Strategic

human resource management deals with macro concerns such as quality Commitment performance culture management development It defines the areas in which specific HR strategies need to be developed

by Prof. Mary Bodra

strategic

HRM is an outcome: as organizational systems designed to achieve sustainable competitive advantage through people. For others, however, SHRM is viewed as a process, the process of linking HR practices to business strategy (Ulrich, 1997,)

by Prof. Mary Bodra

Training

Rewards
Good

employee relations Human resource strategies are more specific and facilitate the successful achievement of the corporate objectives and goals According to Ulrich (1997, ) HR strategy is the outcome: the mission, vision and priorities of the HR function.

by Prof. Mary Bodra

Vision for Human Resources Business Partner -Aligned with line management -Integral member of management team Both at corporate and regional level Drive culture change to fit strategy and vision Do the basics (administrative tasks)well Organize flexibility around the work to be done

by Prof. Mary Bodra

Human Resource Mission To provide high quality and cost effective processes, programs, and services to our associates throughout the world that align with companys overall business strategy

by Prof. Mary Bodra

Link between HR Strategy and Business Strategy The concept of SHRM is the idea of strategic fit
In

order to ensure that HR strategies facilitate the achievement of business strategies a strategic integration between the two is necessary
A

key factor that influences the linkage is organizations quest to attain Competitive advantage
by Prof. Mary Bodra

Strategic Fit: A Conceptual Framework Organizations are often confronted with a dilemma Should they adopt business strategies that fit the available competencies and capabilities in the firm Should they first decide their business strategy and then stretch and modify their competencies and capabilities to fit the business strategy? The strategic fit proposes that if an organization seeks to maximise its competitive advantage Must match its internal resources and skills(organizational competencies)with the opportunities in external environment
by Prof. Mary Bodra

Strategic Fit: A Conceptual Framework When Organization attempts to implement new strategies with outmoded or inappro-priate HR strategies it can face problems Strategic human resource management is largely about integration
Guest

(1989) emphasized that it is important to ensure that HRM is fully integrated to strategic planning
In

1997Guest identified the following five types of fit:

by Prof. Mary Bodra

Fit as bundles(con figuration approach) Fit perspective

Fit as strategic interactio n best fit approach

Fit as gestalt

Fit as an ideal set of practices

by Prof. Mary Bodra

Fit as contingency

Types of Fit between HR and Business Strategy

Strategic Fit: A Conceptual Framework 1.Fit as strategic interaction(best fit approach)-HR practices linkage with external context 2.Fit as contingency-HR approaches to ensure that internal practices of the organization respond to external factors such as the nature of the market, skill availability

3.Fit as an ideal set of practices(best practice approach )there are best practices which all firm can adopt

by Prof. Mary Bodra

4.Fit as gestalt-emphasizes the importance of finding an appropriate combination of practices 5.Fit as bundles (the configuration approach)-suggests a search for distinct configuration or bundles of HR practices that complement each other in order to determine which bundle is likely to be most effective
by Prof. Mary Bodra

Three of the five types of fit provide the following possible approaches to SHRM: The best fit approach The HR bundles or configuration approach The best practice approach
by Prof. Mary Bodra

The Best Fit Approach The focus of the best fit approach is on the linkage of HR strategies with business strategies Also referred to as external fit or vertical integration Best fit also means that HR strategies match the stages of development of the firm Start-up Maturity Decline/degeneration Regeneration or transformation Business strategies and HR strategies will differ between green field firm and one that is in the transformation stage
by Prof. Mary Bodra

Life Cycle Stages

HR Practices

Start up

Flexible patterns of work Recruitment of highly motivated and committed employees Little formality No unions More sophisticated recruitment and selection Training and development Performance management processes Reward systems Focus on high commitment Developing stable employee relations Control compensation

Growth

HR practices Corresponding to the stages of an Organizations life cycle(adapted from Armstrong)

by Prof. Mary Bodra

Life Cycle Stages

HR Practices

Maturity

Attention to the control of labour costs Focus on increasing productivity Strained employee relations Control compensation

Decline

HR practices Corresponding to the stages of an Organizations life cycle

Emphasis on rationalization of workforce and downsizing Abandoning some longstanding practices to cut costs Trade unions have a marginalized role Retaining and career consulting services

by Prof. Mary Bodra

The Best Fit Approach contd Bases of classification of HR Strategies: Beaumont (1992) three bases of classification of HR strategies: 1.Different types of business strategies- exampleorganization chooses strategy of low cost producer it adopts different HR approaches to compensation as compared to an organization which adopts a product innovation strategy Porter(1985) different business strategies will result in variation in HR practices
by Prof. Mary Bodra

The Best Fit Approach contd 2.Stages in the business or product cycle HR practices are related to variations in the life cycle stages of a business-startup-growth-maturity-decline In the growth stage an organization recruits an adequate number and mix of qualified people
In

the maturity stage encourages sufficient turnover to minimize layoffs and facilitate reorganization

Decline

stage-plans and implements workforce reductions and reallocation

by Prof. Mary Bodra

The Best Fit Approach contd 3.Types and numbers of products-Fombrun et al.(1984)suggested that the strategy aimed at achieving variations in product focus -Single product strategy having a functional structure is likely to be subjective in selection/appraisal/rewards that follows strategy of growth acquisition of unrelated business-criteria of selection will differ -performance appraisals and rewards are impersonal and based on ROI and profitability -Development is cross functional not cross business
Organization
by Prof. Mary Bodra

Three types of business strategy that may be adopted by an organization Cost leadership Differentiation Focus
According

to Porter an organization may adopt any one of the three business strategies in order to compete successfully in a particular market and gain and sustain superior performance as well as an advantage over its competitors
by Prof. Mary Bodra

HR strategy classification After discussing the bases of classification of HR strategy the most popular approach is the type of business strategy and adoption of complementary HR strategies Schuler and Jackson focused on Porter s classification of the three generic business strategies Cost Leadership Differentiation Focus They argued that the HR practices should be designed to reinforce the behavioural implication of these strategies
by Prof. Mary Bodra

Business Strategy

HR Strategy

Cost Leadership Suitable for repetitive and predictable behaviour Concerned with short term focus and quantities Result oriented Differentiation Long term focus Creative job behaviour Moderate concern for quality and quantity Focus High concern for quality Moderate concern for quality Long /medium term focus

Utilization HR Strategy HR Strategy focussed on short term performance measures results or outcomes Hierarchical pay ,few incentives Narrow career path ,limited training Facilitation HR strategy Broad career paths Extensive training Equal and fair pay/many incentives for creativity Accumulation HR Strategy Equal and fair pay with many incentives Hiring employees belonging to the new target market/High employee participation

Linking Business Strategy and HR Strategy(ORiordon)

by Prof. Mary Bodra

The HR Bundles Approach Bundling refers to the development and implementation of several HR practices together so that they are interrelated and internally consistent Each HR practice complements and reinforces the other Flexible production techniques need to be supported by bundles of high commitment HR practices such as: Performance contingent pay Employment security etc -High involvement HR practice that is complementary to other HR practices is introduced in a firm -The new practice produces improvement in performance -Also has drawbacks
by Prof. Mary Bodra

The best Practice Approach Superior management practices are readily identifiable and are transferable across organizations An organization should therefore identify any organization with reputation for excellence in some function and copy its practices in order to perform well Pleffers (1994) list of seven practices 1.Employment security 2.Selective hiring 3.Teamworking 4.High pay contingent on company performance 5.Extensive training/6.reduction of status differences/7.information sharing

by Prof. Mary Bodra

Dominant Culture of the organization (Business Strategy) Defenders Find change threatening

HR Strategy Build HR Likely to emphasize training programmes and internal promotion

Creative and flexible management style Have high quality HR Redeployment Acquire HR Emphasize recruitment, selection, performance based compensation Low levels of monitoring and coordination Buy and make Key HR Emphasize HR planning

Prospectors Thrive on change Favour strategies of product/market development Analyzers Seek to match new ventures with the present business set up Ventures not new to the market only new to the firm

Miles and Snows Classification of Business Strategy and HR Strategy

by Prof. Mary Bodra