Introduction to Programming in Java

Patrick edit Master subtitle style Click toMichael Chiuco

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Background

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What is Java?

Historically came from C and C++, but simpler object models and fewer low level functions. Compiled into bytecode that runs on Java Virtual Machines (write once run anywhere)
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So how is Java different?

Java is interpreted rather than translated through the bytecode Compared to C and C++, Java has garbage collection (from automatic memory management) Unfortunately it is also slower
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class Test{ public static void main (String args[]){ System.out.println(Hello World!); } }

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Lets start programming in Java!

Basic java programming

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Basic Java Programming

Identifiers, Data types, variables, and literals

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Programming in Java

Identifiers any name in Java

Properties: Cannot start with a digit Must start with an underscore or alphanumeric character The only allowed symbols are underscores and currency symbols

1. 2.

3.

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Programming in Java
4. 5.

Case sensitive Reserved words cant be used. mynam3 my#name myname$

Examples: myname myName my_name

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Variables in Java

Java is statically typed, meaning the data type and variable name should be written explicitly

Example: int x = 0; char start = a;

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What are the are readily available?

boolean byte short int long float double char true or false -2^7 to 2^7 - 1 -2^15 to 2^15-1 -2 ^ 31 to 2 ^ 31-1 -2 ^ 63 to 2 ^ 63 - 1 1.40129846432481707e-45 to 3.40282346638528860e+38 4.94065645841246544e-324d to 1.79769313486231570e+308d 0 to 65,535

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So what are Literals?

A Java literal is any constant value associated with a variable. Three reserved words can be literals: true, false and null

Examples: int x = 128; char start = x; byte l = 127;

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Concatenating Strings

To concatenate strings we can do either:

Hey! + I just met you + and + this is crazy Call me".concat(maybe");

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How do I declare an array?

Syntax: int[] <var_name> = new int[<size>] Where: <var_name> = variable name <size> = size of the array Example: int[] arr = new int[10];
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Are there multi-dimensional arrays?

Yes of course!

Examples: int[][] x = new int[10][10]; char [][][] stack = new char[10][5][5]; The syntax is practically the same!
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How do I access array values?

Java has implemented a zeroindexing scheme (starts with 0) for their arrays.

int[] x = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7}; x[6] = 7;

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How do I get the array length?

Java arrays have an attribute named length and can be accessed as such:

int x = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}; int y = x.length; System.out.println(y); //prints 9

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Basic Java Programming

Operators and Flow control

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What are Arithmetic Operators

They are operators used to perform basic numerical manipulation.

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Unary Operators

Previous code: x = 1; Increment

Increases the value by one Example: System.out.println(++x); //prints 2

Decrement

Decreases the value by one Example: System.out.println(--x); 8/8/12

Unary Operators

Note:

++x is not the same as ++x (the same goes with decrementing) Try System.out.println(--x); And System.out.prinln(x--);

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Additive Operators
Previous code: int x = 1; int y = 2; Addition (+) Adds two numbers on either side Example: x + y = 3; Subtraction (-) Subtracts two numbers on either side. Example: y - x = 1 8/8/12

Multiplicative Operators
Previous code: int x = 1; int y = 2;

Multiplication (*)

Multiplies two numbers on either side. Example: x * y = 2

Division (/) Divides two numbers on either side. Example: x/y = 0; //because they are integers 8/8/12

Multiplicative Operators
Previous code: int x = 1; int y = 2;

Modulus

Gets the remainder of the two numbers. Example y % x = 0;

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Operators and Flow Control

Relational operators
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Relational Operators
Previous code: int x = 1; int y = 2; Greater than(>) Checks if left operand is greater than the right operand Example: y > x is true Less than (<) Checks if the left operand is greater than the right operand
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Relational Operators
Previous code: int x = 1; int y = 2; Greater than or equal(=>) Checks if left operand is greater than or equal the right operand Example: y >= x is true Less than (<=) Checks if the left operand is greater than the right operand
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Relational Operators (Equality)

Previous code: int x = 1; int y = 2; Equal to (==) Checks if the two values are equal Not Equal to (!=) Checks if the two values are not equal
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Operators and Flow Control

Logical operators
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Logical Operators
Previous code: boolean x = true; boolean y = false;

&& (AND) True only when both operands are true Example: x && y is false || (OR) True when one of the operands are 8/8/12 true

Logical Operators
Previous code: boolean x = true; boolean y = false;

! (Negation) Negates the value of the operand Example: !x is false

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Logical Operators
<condition>?<if_true>:<if_false> (Ternary Operator) A short hand for the if-then-else statement. boolean check = true; int x = check ? 1 : 2;
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Logical Operators

The following is an equivalent to the previous code.

if(check){ x = 1; }else{ x = 2; } 8/8/12

Operators and Flow Control

Assignment operators
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Arithmetic Assignments

+=, -=, *=, /= and %=

These operators do the arithmetic and assume the first operand to be the assignee Example: C += A is equal to C = C + A C -= A is equal to C = C - A
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instanceof Operator
instanceof checks if a certain variable is an instance of a certain object Car a = new Car(); boolean b = a instanceof Car; Note: does not work on unrelated classes.
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Operator Precedence
Category Postfix Unary Multiplicative Additive Shift Relational Equality BitwiseAND BitwiseXOR BitwiseOR LogicalAND LogicalOR Conditional Assignment Comma Operator ()[].(dotoperator) ++--!~ */% +- >>>>><< >>=<<= ==!= & ^ | && || ?: =+=-=*=/=%= >>=<<=&=^=|= , Associativity Lefttoright Righttoleft Lefttoright Lefttoright Lefttoright Lefttoright Lefttoright Lefttoright Lefttoright Lefttoright Lefttoright Lefttoright Righttoleft Righttoleft Lefttoright

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Operators and Flow Control

Flow control
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If-then statements
if (<boolean statement>){ } Example: int i = 0 if( i == 0){ System.out.print(i); } 8/8/12

Example
if(<boolean statement>){ }else{ } Example: int i = 0
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If-then-else statements
The if-then statement can be extended to use else or elseif. As in:
if(<boolean statement>){ }else{ }

OR
if(<boolean_statement>){ }else if(<boolean_statement){ }else{
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Example
String callme = ;

if(callme.equals(maybe)){ System.out.println(Call me); }else if(callme.equals(I just met you)){ System.out.println(This is crazy); }else{ System.out.println(This is not Carly Rae); } 8/8/12

Case Statement
int month = 8; String monthString; switch (month) {

case 1: monthString = "January"; break; case 8: monthString = "August"; break; default: monthString = "Invalid month;break; } System.out.println(monthString);

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Differences of if-then and case

If-then statements can evaluate based on expressions, values, ranges and conditions. A case statement can only evaluate based on a single enumerated value, integer or String object.

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Operators and Flow Control

Looping statements
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Looping Statements
while evaluates an expression and executes the statement below, while it is true. Example:
int count = 1; while(count < 11){ System.out.println(count); count ++; 8/8/12 }

Looping Statements
do-while executes the statement then evaluates the condition below. Example:
do{ System.out.println(count); count++; }while(count < 11); 8/8/12

Looping Statements
for-loop The for loop does the following:
1.

Initializes the loop counter and the loop Checks the condition Increments or decrements the counter

2. 3.

Example:
8/8/12 for(int i = 1; i<10; i++){

Looping Statements

The for loop has a special form for collections.

int[] x = {1,2,3,4,5}; for(int number: x){ System.out.println(number); }

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Difference between the three

The for and while loops evaluate their conditions before the statements. The do-while looping evaluates the statements below it at least once.

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Operators and Flow Control

Branching statements
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Branching Statements
break; Breaks out of a looping or conditional statement. There two are different break types, labelled and unlabelled.

1.

2.

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Branching Statements
Labelled break:
spaghetti: for(int j = 0; j<4; j++){ for(int i = 5; i<7; i++){ if(i == 5){ break spaghetti; } } } Note: this breaks the outer most loop.
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Branching Statements
Unlabelled break:
spaghetti: for(int j = 0; j<4; j++){ for(int i = 5; i<7; i++){ if(i == 5){ break; } } } Note: this breaks the inner most loop;
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Branching Statements
continue; Skips an iteration of the current loop. As with the break, it has two forms: labelled and unlabelled.

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Branching Statements
String[] s = [Hello! , Pail]; for(string str: s){ for(int i = 0; i<str.length(); i++){ if(s.charAt(i) != l){ continue; } } }

This breaks the inner most loop

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Branching Statements
class ContinueWithLabelDemo { public static void main(String[] args) { String searchMe = "Look for a substring in me"; String substring = "sub"; boolean foundIt = false; int max = searchMe.length() - substring.length(); test: for (int i = 0; i <= max; i++) { int n = substring.length(); int j = i; int k = 0; while (n-- != 0) { if (searchMe.charAt(j++) != substring.charAt(k++)) { continue test;

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Branching Statements

return;

Terminates the current method call and brings back the control to the calling method. May or may not have any return value. Example:
return null; return; 8/8/12

Basic Java Programming

Java strings, and Inputoutput

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Are there strings in java?

String s = Hello World!; Whenever a string literal is seen by the compiler, a String object is made.

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Creating Strings

String s = Hello!; String s = new String([h,e,l,l,o]);

There are several more constructors for Strings, but these are the most common.
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String functions you have to know

String.length(); - gets the string length String.charAt();

- gets the character at a certain point of a string

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What is a StringBuffer?
It stores a series of characters that can be changes. String objects cant be changed.

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StringBuilder Constructors
Constructor StringBuffer() StringBuffer(CharSequence cs) Description Creates a StringBuffer with 16 a capacity of 16 Creates a StringBuffer with a capacity of the CharSequence plus 16 Creates a String Buffer with the given capacity Creates a StringBuffer with a capacity of the given string plus 16

StringBuffer(int initCapacity) StringBuffer(String s)

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StringBuffer Illustration

StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer(7); String sample = HELLO; sb.append(sample);

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Are other String representations?

A StringBuilder is basically a String that can be manipulated within the program. StringBuilders have different methods that allows parts of it to be readily manipulated.
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StringBuilder Constructors
Constructor StringBuilder() StringBuilder(CharSequence cs) Description Creates a String Builder with 16 a capacity of 16 Creates a String Builder with a capacity of the CharSequence plus 16 Creates a String Builder with the given capacity Creates a String Builder with a capacity of the given string plus 16

StringBuilder(int initCapacity) StringBuilder(String s)

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StringBuilder Methods

.append();

Adds the given object or data to the end of the Builder.

Ex: StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(Call me); sb.append(maybe); System.out.println(sb.toString());//prints Call me maybe

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.delete()

StringBuilder Methods

.reverse()

Reverses the given sequence of Strings from the Builder. Ex: StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(Carly); System.out.println(sb.reverse());

.insert()
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So what are the differences between the three?

StringBuffer and StringBuilder are changeable or mutable within the program. StringBuffer can be implemented in a threaded system. StringBuilder is faster in a singlethreaded program. 8/8/12

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