INTRODUCTION TO CELL BIOLOGY

THE CELL BASICS PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES

SOUNDARYALAKSHMI.M Assistant professor, BT KCET

Cell History
Cytology- study of cells

1665 English Scientist Robert Hooke

Used a microscope to examine cork (plant) Hooke called what he saw "Cells"

Cell History
Robert Brown
discovered the nucleus in 1833.

Matthias Schleiden
German Botanist Matthias Schleiden 1838 ALL PLANTS "ARE COMPOSED OF CELLS".

Theodor Schwann
Also in 1838, discovered that animals were made of cells

Cell History

Rudolf Virchow
1855, German Physician " THAT CELLS ONLY COME FROM OTHER CELLS".

His statement debunked "Theory of Spontaneous Generation"

Cell Theory
The COMBINED work of Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow make up the modern CELL

THEORY.

The Cell Theory states that:

1. All living things are composed of a cell or cells. 2. Cells are the basic unit of life. 3. All cells come from preexisting cells.

Basic characteristics of cell

Cell highly complex and organised Possess a genetic program and means to use it carry Out variety of chemical reactions,engage in numerous mechanical activities Are able to respond to stimuli and capable of self regulation

Explain: Cell Diversity

Cells within the same organism show Enormous Diversity in:
Size Shape Internal Organization

1. Cell Size
Female Egg - largest cell in the human

body; seen

without the aid of a microscope

Most cells are visible only with a microscope.

2. Cell Shape

Diversity of form reflects a diversity of function. THE SHAPE OF A CELL DEPENDS ON ITS FUNCTION.

3. Internal Organization
Cell membrane Cytoplasm

Prokaryotic Cell
Cell membrane Cytoplasm

Eukaryotic Cell

Nucleus

Organelles

Classification of living organisms

Living organisms

Virus

prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes:classification
1, Eubacteria(Bacteria)

2, Archaebacteria

Archaebacteria
Modern descendant of a very ancient type of prokaryotes When compared to bacteria and eukaryotes archaens are

more closer to eukaryotes

For example,the archaen system for synthesizing proteins is more like that of Eukaryotes

Contd

Although archae clearly a prokaryotic (no nuclear membrane), differ from bacteria by lack of peptidoglycan in their cell wall & presence of ether linked lipids bonded to glycerol in their membranes . These have adaptability to extreme conditions (extremophiles)

extremophiles:classification
temperature
Very high (thermophile) Low (psychrophile)

Salt concentration
Low (acidophile) High(alkalophile)

Pressure
High(barophile)

Genomes of archaeal species:

Genomes of archaeal species found to have circular,compact chromosomes of about 1.5-3 Mbp. Chromosomes are organised by nucleosome like entities. DNA replication appears to be mediated by polymerases that are similar to those of eukaryotes.

EUBACTERIA(BACTERIA)

Appendages Cell envelope three distinct Cytoplasmic architectural region regions

Appendages
Flagella and pili On the outside, flagella and pili project from the cell's surface. These are structures (not present in all prokaryotes) made of proteins that facilitate movement and communication between cells;

 PILI They are short and thin hair like filaments, formed of protein called pilin (antigenic). There are special types of pili called (sex pili) involved in conjugation. Fimbriae are responsible for attachment of bacteria to specific

receptors of human cell (adherence).

Cell envelope
capsule Cell wall Plasma membrane

capsule
A gelatinous capsule is present in some bacteria outside the cell wall. The capsule may be polysaccharide Capsules are not marked by ordinary stain and can be detected by special stain. The capsule is antigenic. The capsule has antiphagocytic function so it determines the virulence of many bacteria. It also plays a role in attachment of the organism to mucous membranes.

Functions of capsule
mediates other cell interaction Protects bacterial cells from engulfment by protozoa or WBC (phagocytosis) Protection from perennial effects of drying and dessication. -Reserve for sugar -capsular material dextron overproduced

Cell wall
Rigid cell wall(10-20 nm) Usually lack cellulose MUREIN-an important component of bacterial cell wall(unique type of peptidoglycan) N-acetyl muramic acid-definitive component of murein This feature distinguishes archaens from bacteria

 Gram positive cell wall

Gram negative cell wall

Cells without cell wall

Plasma membrane
Also called as plasmalemma 40%lipid and 60% protein Possess receptor proteins that detects nutrients and toxins in their environment Besides molecular trafficking also have enzymatic reactions including photosynthesis and respiration and role in cell

replication

 Has ETS(electron transport system)-used to produce energy during photosynthesis and respiration It is the location of enzyme ATP synthetase which is used to synthesize ATP.

Compare and Contrast

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes
Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Vacuoles Mitochondria Cytoskeleton

Cell membrane Contain DNA Ribosomes Cytoplasm

Prokaryotic Examples

ONLY Bacteria

EUKARYOTIC CELLS
TWO KINDS: PLANT AND ANIMAL

Eukaryotic Example

Section 7-2

Vacuole

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Ribosome (free)

Chloroplast Cell Membrane Cell wall Ribosome (attached) Nuclear envelope

Nucleolus Golgi apparatus Nucleus Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Mitochondrion

Plant Cell

Venn Diagrams

Compare and Contrast

Animal Cells

Plant Cells

Centrioles

Cell membrane Ribosomes Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Vacuoles Mitochondria Cytoskeleton

Cell Wall Chloroplasts

Internal Organization
Cells contain ORGANELLES. Cell Components that PERFORMS SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS FOR THE CELL.

Cellular Organelles
The Plasma membrane
The boundary of the cell. Composed of three distinct layers. Two layers of fat and one layer of protein.

STRUCTURE This is the boundary between the cell cytoplasm & the environment Is partially permeable Made up 45% protein & 45% phospholipids with the remaining 10% cholesterol, glycoprotein & glyolipids

FUNCTION Controls movement of substances in & out of the cell Forms a recognition site so that the bodys immune system can recognize its own cells Acts as a receptor site for the attachment of specific hormones and neurotransmitters.

The Nucleus
Brain of Cell Bordered by a porous membrane - nuclear envelope. Contains thin fibers of DNA and protein called Chromatin. Rod Shaped Chromosomes Contains a small round nucleolus
produces ribosomal RNA which makes ribosomes.

Nucleus, Nucleolus & Nuclear envelope

STRUCTURE Largest organelle in the cell (10um diameter) Surrounded by a nuclear membrane / envelope Double membrane outer is continuous with the ER Nuclear pores in the membrane allow the passage of large molecules in & out (eg messengerRNA) Material inside the nucleus is called nucleoplasm this contains chromatin which makes up the DNA of the cell in non-dividing cells it is spread out and during cell division it condenses to form the chromosomes A spherical structure called the nucleolus is found in the nucleus this makes ribosomal RNA and assembles the ribosomes.

FUNCTION Acts as the control centre of the cell through the production of mRNA and protein synthesis Retains the genetic material in the cell in the form of DNA / chromosomes Manufactures ribosomal RNA (rRNA) & ribosomes Starts the process of cell division

Ribosomes
STRUCTURE Small dense structures found in huge numbers. Can be attached to the rough ER of floating in the cytoplasm. Are about 20 25 nm in diameter in eukaryotic cells and slightly smaller in prokaryotic cells (80s type prokaryotic) (70s type eukaryotic) Made up from two sub units FUNCTION Synthesize proteins Synthesize enzymes

Ribosomes
Small non-membrane bound organelles. Contain two sub units Site of protein synthesis. Protein factory of the cell Either free floating or attached to the Endoplasmic Reticulum.

Endoplasmic Reticulum
Complex network of transport channels. Two types: 1. Smooth- ribosome free and functions in poison detoxification. 2. Rough - contains ribosomes and releases newly made protein from the cell.

Endoplasmic Reticulum
STRUCTURE Complex system of sheet like double membranes continuous with the nuclear membrane Fluid filled spaces/sacs between the membranes called CISTERNAE which allow materials to be transported through cell Two types of ER smooth has no ribosomes attached (RER) rough has ribosomes attached (SER)

FUNCTION Forms an extensive transport system Site of protein synthesis (Rough ER) Site of lipid, steroid and carbohydrate synthesis (smooth ER) Stores and transports these materials

Golgi Apparatus
A series of flattened sacs that modifies, packages, stores, and transports materials out of the cell. Works with the ribosomes and Endoplasmic Reticulum.

Golgi apparatus
STRUCTURE Formed from small pieces of rough ER which form small vesicles which join to make a Golgi body Chemicals made in the ER collect in the Golgi body where they are modified Small vesicles can then be pinched off the Golgi body carrying new chemicals away which are secreted when the vesicle reaches the cell membrane Some of the vesicles become lysosomes FUNCTION Assembling glycoproteins (such as mucin) by combining carbohydrate and protein Transporting and storing lipids Formation of lysosomes Producing digestive enzymes Secretes carbohydrates which are used in the formation of plant cell walls and in insect cuticles

Lysosomes
Recycling Center
Recycle cellular debris

Membrane bound organelle containing a variety of enzymes. Internal pH is 5. Help digest food particles inside or out side the cell.

Lysosomes
STRUCTURE Small vacuoles formed when small pieces of Golgi body are pinched off Contain hydrolytic enzymes which digest materials in the cell FUNCTION Release enzymes which destroy worn out organelles Digest material taken into the cell (eg white blood cells which have engulfed a bacterium) phagocytosis Release enzymes to the outside of the cell which digest material around the cell exocytosis Completely break down cells after they have died autolysis

Centrioles
Found only in animal cells Paired organelles found together near the nucleus, at right angles to each other. Role in building cilia and flagella Play a role in cellular reproduction

CENTRIOLES (not found in plant cells)

Two short bundles of hollow cylinders (microtubules) positioned at right angles to each other Found just outside the nucleus in a clear area of cytoplasm called the centrosome Wall of each centriole is made of 9 triplets of tubes arranged at an angle During cell division they migrate to opposite poles to produce the spindle which helps to move the chromosomes during cell division

Cytoskeleton
Cell membrane

Endoplasmic reticulum

Microtubule

Microfilament

Ribosomes

Mitochondrion

Cytoskeleton
Framework of the cell Contains small microfilaments and larger microtubules. They support the cell, giving it its shape and help with the movement of its organelles.

Mitochondrion
Double Membranous Its the size of a bacterium Contains its own DNA; mDNA Produces high energy compound ATP

Mitochondria
STRUCTURE Relatively large organelle Rod/sausage shaped 1um 5um Have a double membrane The outer controls the entry & exit of materials Inner has many folds called cristae Surface of each crista is covered with stalked particles where ATP is made Mitochondria are filled with a jelly like matrix The matrix contains proteins, lipids, ribosomes and loops of DNA Mitochondria can replicate themselves when the cell divides

FUNCTION Site of aerobic respiration (Krebs cycle & oxidative phosphorylation) Responsible for the production of energy rich ATP molecules The numbers of mitochondria reflect the metabolic activity of the cell so large numbers are found in muscle and liver cells

The Chloroplast
Double membrane Center section contains grana Thylakoid (coins) make up the grana. Stroma - gel-like material surrounding grana Found in plants and algae.

Chloroplasts
Found inside photosynthetic tissues of plants (abundant in palisade mesophyll cells of leaves) Flat discs 2-10 um in diameter & 1um thick Have a double membrane called the chloroplast envelope Inner membrane folded into a series of lamellae Membrane controls the entry & exit of substances Inside the membrane is a fluid stroma which contains the enzymes involved in photostnthesis Small amounts of DNA and oil are found in the stroma In stroma is a network of flattened sacs called thylakoids Grana (granum = sing) are formed when many thylakoids are stacked together (like a pile of coins) (thylakoids also called lamella) Chlorophyll molecules are attached to the thylakoids Large starch grains are also present which act as a tempory store of charbohydrate made in photosynthesis

The Vacuole
Sacs that help in food digestion or helping the cell maintain its water balance. Found mostly in plants and protists.

Cell Wall
Extra structure surrounding its plasma membrane in plants, algae, fungi, and bacteria. Cellulose Plants Chitin Fungi Peptidoglycan - Bacteria

Section 7-1

Review
A. The Discovery of the Cell
1.Robert Hooke 2.The Cell Theory B. Exploring Cell Diversity
1. Size 2. Shape 3. Internal Organization

C.

Two types of cells

1. 2. Prokaryote Eukaryote

Cell Types (Review)

Eukaryotic 1. Contains a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles. 2. Rod shaped chromosomes 3. Found in all kingdoms except the Eubacteria and Archaebacteria Prokaryotic 1. Does not contain a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles. 2. Circular chromosome 3. Found only in the Eubacteria and Archaebacteria Kingdoms