AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

Submitted by:-
Rahul Agarwal
CONTENTS
Introduction to Modulations

Amplitude Modulation

Demodulation

Generation methods of AM

INTRODUCTION
A carrier signal is modulated only in
amplitude value
The modulating signal is the envelope of the
carrier
The required bandwidth is 2B, where B is the
bandwidth of the modulating signal
Since on both sides of the carrier freq. f
c
, the
spectrum is identical, we can discard one
half, thus requiring a smaller bandwidth for
transmission.
Figure :-Amplitude modulation
AM Characteristics
AM is a nonlinear process.
Sum and difference frequencies are created
that carry the information.
Modulation Index - The ratio between the
amplitudes between the amplitudes of the
modulating signal and carrier, expressed
by the equation:

c
m
E
E
m =
Two or more sine waves of different, uncorrelated
frequencies modulating a single carrier is
calculated by the equation:



m= m
1
2
+m
2
2
+---


AM carriers remain unchanged with
modulation and therefore are wasteful

Power in an AM transmitter is calculated
according to the formula

Pt = Pc 1+
m
2
2
|
\


|
.
|
|
DOUBLE-SIDEBAND SUPPRESSED CARRIER AM
A double-sideband, suppressed carrier (DSB-SC) AM
signal is obtained by multiplying the message signal
m(t) with the carrier signal c(t).
Amplitude modulated signal


The spectrum of the modulated signal can be
obtained by taking the Fourier transform of u(t).



) 2 cos( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
c c c
t f t m A
t c t m t u
| t + =
=
| | | |
| |
| |
c c
c c
j
c
j
c
c
c
j
c
j
c
c c c
e f f M e f f M
A
f f e f f e
A
f M
t f A F t m F f U
| |
| |
o o
| t

+ + =
+ + - =
+ - =
) ( ) (
2
) ( ) (
2
) (
) 2 cos( ) ( ) (
upper
sideband
upper
sideband
lower
sideband
GENERATION OF AM AND DSB-SC SIGNALS
=> SQUARE LAW MODULATOR
(a): A circuit with a nonlinear element
(b): v i characteristic of the diode
The required square-law
nonlinearity of a given
device would be available
only over a small part of the
(v i ) characteristic.
Hence, it is possible to
generate only low levels of
the desired output.
.
SWITCHING MODULATOR
(a) Switching modulator
(b) Switching characteristic
of the diode-load
combination.
GENERATION OF DSB-SC
Conventional Amplitude
Modulation
A conventional AM signal consists of a large carrier component in
addition to the double sideband AM modulated signal. The transmitted
signal can be expressed as



Advantage: easy to demodulate
) 2 cos( )] ( 1 [ ) (
c c c
t f t m A t u | t + + = 1 ) ( condition with s t m
component carrier : ) 2 cos(
signal AM DSB : ) 2 cos( ) (
c c c
c c c
t f A
t f t m A
| t
| t
+
+
It is convenient to express m(t) as



where is normalized such that






The above equation can be done by using


The scale factor a is called the modulation index. The modulated signal
can be expressed as

) ( ) ( t am t m
n
=
) (t m
n
1 ) ( max = t m
n
t
) ( max
) (
) (
t m
t m
t m
t
n
=
) 2 cos( )] ( 1 [ ) ( t f t am A t u
c n c
t + =
Overmodulated (a > 1)
The spectrum of the amplitude modulated signal u(t) is











The spectrum of a conventional AM signal occupies bandwidth twice
the bandwidth of the message signal.

| |
| |
|
| ) ( ) (
) ( ) (
2
) ( ) (
2
) ( ) (
2
) (
)] 2 cos( [ )] 2 cos( [ )] ( [ ) (
c
j
c n
j
c
j
c n
j
c
c
j
c
j
c
c
j
c
j
c
n
c c c c c c n
f f e f f aM e
f f e f f aM e
A
f f e f f e
A
f f e f f e
A
f aM
t f A F t f A F t am F f U
c c
c c
c c
c c
+ + + +
+ =
+ + +
+ + - =
+ + + - =

o
o
o o
o o
| t | t
| |
| |
| |
| |
Example: Suppose that the modulating signal is a sinusoid of
the form


Determine the DSB AM signal, its upper and lower sidebands, and its
spectrum, assuming a modulation index of a.


Solution: The conventional AM signal
c m m n
f f t f t m << = ) 2 cos( ) ( t
) (t m
n


component sideband upper
component sideband lower
) ) ( 2 cos(
2
) ) ( 2 cos(
2
) 2 cos(
) 2 cos( )] 2 cos( 1 [ ) (
c m c
c
c m c
c
c c c
c c m c
t f f
a A
t f f
a A
t f A
t f t f a A t u
| t
| t | t
| t t
+ + +
+ + + =
+ + =
The spectrum of the DSB AM signal
| |
| |
| | ) ( ) (
4
) ( ) (
4
) ( ) (
2
) (
m c
j
m c
j
c
m c
j
m c
j
c
c
j
c
j
c
f f f e f f f e
a A
f f f e f f f e
a A
f f e f f e
A
f U
c c
c c
c c
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + =

o o
o o
o o
| |
| |
| |
We have already proved in the DSB-SC case, the power in the
modulated signal is



For the conventional AM




Finally, we have
m
c
u
P
A
P
2
2
=
signal message in the power :
m
P
n
m
T
T
n
T
T
T
n
T
m
P a
dt t m a
T
dt t am
T
P
2
2 /
2 /
2 2
2 /
2 /
2
1
)) ( 1 (
1
lim
)) ( 1 (
1
lim
+ =
+ =
+ =
}
}

contains no DC
component
) (t m
n
n
m
c c
u
P a
A A
P
2
2 2
2 2
+ =
Carrier
power
Message power
DEMODULATION AND METHODS OF
DEMODULATION OF AM SIGNALS


Envelope Detector (linear diode detector)




Square law detector
DEMODULATION
Envelope
Detector
Advantage of conventional AM signal: easy to be demodulated
Envelope detector
SINGLE SIDEBAND MODULATION









SINGLE SIDEBAND SUPPRESSED CARRIER (SSB-SC)
SINGLE SIDEBAND SUPPRESSED CARRIER (SSB-SC) MODULATION WAS THE
BASIS FOR ALL LONG DISTANCE TELEPHONE COMMUNICATIONS UP UNTIL
THE LAST DECADE. IT WAS CALLED "L CARRIER." IT CONSISTED OF GROUPS
OF TELEPHONE CONVERSATIONS MODULATED ON UPPER AND/OR LOWER
SIDEBANDS OF CONTIGUOUS SUPPRESSED CARRIERS. THE GROUPINGS AND
SIDEBAND ORIENTATIONS (USB, LSB) SUPPORTED HUNDREDS AND
THOUSANDS OF INDIVIDUAL TELEPHONE CONVERSATIONS.
DUE TO THE NATURE OF-SSB, IN ORDER TO PROPERLY RECOVER THE
FIDELITY OF THE ORIGINAL AUDIO, A PILOT CARRIER WAS DISTRIBUTED TO
ALL LOCATIONS (FROM A SINGLE VERY STABLE FREQUENCY SOURCE), SUCH
THAT, THE PHASE RELATIONSHIP OF THE DEMODULATED (PRODUCT
DETECTION) AUDIO TO THE ORIGINAL MODULATED AUDIO WAS MAINTAINED.
ALSO, SSB WAS USED BY THE U.S. AIR FORCE'S STRATEGIC AIR COMMAND
(SAC) TO INSURE RELIABLE COMMUNICATIONS BETWEEN THEIR NUCLEAR
BOMBERS AND NORAD. IN FACT, BEFORE SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS SSB-
WAS THE ONLY RELIABLE FORM OF COMMUNICATIONS WITH THE BOMBERS.
THE MAIN REASON-SSB-IS SUPERIOR TO-AM,-AND MOST OTHER FORMS OF
MODULATION, IS DUE TO THE FOLLOWING:
SSB-VER-AM
(1) SINCE THE CARRIER IS NOT TRANSMITTED, THERE IS A REDUCTION BY
50%
OF THE TRANSMITTED POWER (-3DBM). --IN AM @100% MODULATION:
1/2 OF THE POWER IS COMPRISED OF THE CARRIER; WITH THE REMAINING
(1/2) POWER IN BOTH SIDEBANDS.
(2) BECAUSE IN SSB, ONLY ONE SIDEBAND IS TRANSMITTED, THERE IS A
FURTHER REDUCTION
BY 50% IN TRANSMITTED POWER (-3DBM (+) -3DBM = -6DBM).
(3) FINALLY, BECAUSE ONLY ONE SIDEBAND IS RECEIVED, THE RECEIVER'S
NEEDED
BANDWIDTH IS REDUCED BY ONE HALF--THUS EFFECTIVELY REDUCING
THE
REQUIRED POWER BY THE TRANSMITTER ANOTHER 50% (-3DBM (+) -
3DBM (+) -3DBM = -9DBM). --REMEMBER, IF A RECEIVER'S BANDWIDTH CAN
BE REDUCED BY 50%: THE NEEDED TRANSMITTER POWER IS ALSO REDUCED
BY 50%, I.E., THE RECEIVER'S SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO (SNR) IS IMPROVED AS
THE RECEIVER BANDWIDTH IS REDUCED. THIS OF COURSE IMPLIES THAT THE
SIGNAL CONTAINING THE INFORMATION IS NOT LOST--WHICH IS THE CASE IN
THIS INSTANCE. --HUH? ITS TRUE: IF I'M LYING, I'M DYING!
EXAMPLE:
A HAM RUNNING 2000 WATTS AM, WOULD SOUND NO BETTER THAN
ANOTHER
HAM RUNNING 250 WATTS PEP (PEAK ENVELOP POWER) SSB
ANECDOTE:
BACK IN THE EARLY 60S, WHEN I WAS KX6AY (ALSO KX6DB, AND KX6BU) ON
KWAJALEIN, ISLAND, IN THE MARSHALL ISLANDS (PMR), I RAN A 2 KW
COLLINS S-LINE SSB RIG WITH A TELREX 6 ELEMENT TRI-BANDER AT 120
FEET WITH THE PACIFIC OCEAN AS A GROUND PLANE. :-).
SOMETIMES, ON 20 METERS, I WOULD GO DOWN TO THE AM BAND (14,200 -
14,250 MHZ), MORE OFTEN THAN NOT, I WOULD HEAR ONLY THE CARRIERS,
NO MODULATION--I KID YOU NOT!
I ALSO RAN A COLLINS KWM-2 (180 W PEP) IN MY ROOM WITH LITTLE
TROUBLE MAKING CONTACTS AROUND THE WORLD.
I HAD OFTEN FELT THAT THERE WAS EVEN MORE ADVANTAGES TO SSB (THAN
THE 9DBM) DUE TO THE RECEIVED SIGNAL'S INTELLIGIBILITY (FILTERING,
ABILITY TO TUNE OFF FREQUENCY CHANGING PITCH, ETC.).

IN FACT TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THIS, I BUILT AN ACOUSTIC DELAY-LINE[2]
WHICH DELAYED THE AUDIO TO ONE EAR ~16 MS MORE THAN THE OTHER,
GIVING ME A PSEUDO STEREO LIKE EFFECT.
I COULD DE-TUNE THE RECEIVER JUST A LITTLE AND THE EFFECT WAS LIKE
PLACING DIFFERENT PEOPLE IN THE QSO AT DIFFERENT SPATIAL POSITIONS
WITHIN THE ROOM, WITH THE RECEIVER NOISE HAVING ITS OWN SPATIAL
POSITION--IT WAS A HOOT!
IT WORKED BEST WITH HEAD PHONES, BUT IT WORKED WELL WITH
SPEAKERS ALSO. THE EFFECT OF ALL THIS, ON TOP OF IMPROVING THE
INTELLIGIBILITY, WAS TO RELIEVE A LOT OF THE FATIGUE INHERENT IN
ATTEMPTING TO UNDERSTAND CONVERSATIONS IN NOISY ENVIRONMENTS
OVER A PROLONGED TIME--WHICH CAN BE PRETTY TAXING DURING POOR
RECEPTION.


[2] THE ACOUSTIC DELAY-LINE USED ABOUT SIXTEEN FEET OF 3/16"
NEOPRENE TUBING, DRIVEN AT ONE END BY A 16 OHM, ELECTROMAGNETIC
EAR BUD. AT THE OTHER END WAS A (PIEZO) CRYSTAL EAR BUD WITH A GAIN
STAGE TO MAKE UP FOR THE -50 DB INHERENT LOSS. THE FREQUENCY
RESPONSE OF THE OVERALL SYSTEM (300 HZ TO 2400 HZ) WAS DICTATED BY
THE RECEIVER'S SSB MECHANICAL FILTER
THANK YOU