Rain Water Harvesting
Rain Water Harvesting
Rain Water Harvesting
Rain Water Harvesting can be defined as activity of direct collection of Rain Water and storage of Rain Water as well as other activities aimed at harvesting and conserving surface and Ground Water, prevention of loss through evaporation and seepage and other hydrological studies and engineering inventions aiming at most efficient utilization of the Rain Water towards best use for the humanity.
Hydrological Cycle
Architects
ARKHTON
Engineers Planners
1
Jagannathpur, P.O.: Mahishadal, Dist.: Purba Medinipur, W.Bengal, Mob. No.: 9434010913
Table I
January February March April May June July August September October November December Total
Jagannathpur, P.O.: Mahishadal, Dist.: Purba Medinipur, W.Bengal, Mob. No.: 9434010913
Rainfall and Month in West Bengal (Ten years average 1996 2005) in Millimeter Table II
District Midnapore (East) Midnapore (West) January 15.3 February 46.0 March 47.9 April 52.9 May 109.6 June 256.3
District
July
August
September
October
November
December
277.0
307.1
282.2
211.8
22.2
5.9
Source: WBSMB
ARKHTON
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Jagannathpur, P.O.: Mahishadal, Dist.: Purba Medinipur, W.Bengal, Mob. No.: 9434010913
Average Monthly and Annual Rainfall and Rainy days in the Districts of West Bengal Table - III
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Annual
27.8
39.8
47.6
127.6
280.3
315.6
367.1
303.3
132.5
40.7
7.9
1701.5
RD
0.9
1.8
2.0
3.0
6.0
11.1
14.2
15.8
12.4
5.7
1.6
0.4
74.9
Source: WBSMB
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Architects Engineers Planners
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Jagannathpur, P.O.: Mahishadal, Dist.: Purba Medinipur, W.Bengal, Mob. No.: 9434010913
Table - IV
Co-efficient
0.8-0.9 0.7-0.9
Roof Catchment
Tiles Corrugated metal sheet Ground Surface Covering Untreated Ground Catchments Soil on slope less than 10% Play Ground Aspheltic or concrete pavement Brick pavement Lawns, sandy soil having slopes Flat 2%
2.5.2 Average 2 to 7% 2.5.3 Steep 7% 2.6 Lawns, clayey soil having slopes 2.6.1 Flat 2% 2.6.2 Average 2 to 7% 2.6.3 Steep 7% 2.7 General Driveways and walls
ARKHTON
Architects Engineers Planners
Jagannathpur, P.O.: Mahishadal, Dist.: Purba Medinipur, W.Bengal, Mob. No.: 9434010913
Whereas the use of the runoff coefficients implies there is a constant ratio of rainfall to runoff, the actual ratio will vary over the course of a storm due to condition of the area and the variability of the rainfall pattern. A common practice is to use average coefficients for various types of areas and assumed that the coefficients will be constant throughout the duration of the storm.
Table - V
200
Roof Area (Sq.m) (i) (ii) 50 65 13.4 24.1 8.9 16.0 6.6 12.0 5.3 9.6 4.4 8.0 3.3 6.0
(iii)
(iv) (v) (vi)
75
100 125 150
40.8
85.4 -
27.0
57.0 -
20.4
42.7 80.5 -
16.3
34.2 64.3 -
13.6
28.5 53.5 83.6
10.2
21.3 40.0 62.7
(Extract from SP-35) This Table will help in determining the number of pipes of particular dia. are required for given roof surface area and average of rate of rain fall in millimeter per hour for that area. ARKHTON
Architects Engineers Planners
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Jagannathpur, P.O.: Mahishadal, Dist.: Purba Medinipur, W.Bengal, Mob. No.: 9434010913
ROOF COVERING
a) Items of work required for roof covering RCC/Bridge underground tank collection pits, percolation b) pits, recharge pit/trench/well shall be measured under respective section of SSR Part II herein before and preambles and notes given hereunder shall be equally applicable for such items of work.
c) Excavation and earth work required for laying of pipes & underground PVC
storage tank shall be measured separately. d) The measurement of pipes shall be not as fixed between the fitting including short length, without any allowance for cutting and waste, and in case of spigot
and sockets of the pipes and fittings. Fittings shall be measured separately.
e) The rates for laying UPVC and HDPE pipes and fittings including for jointing and jointing materials.
ARKHTON
Architects Engineers Planners
Jagannathpur, P.O.: Mahishadal, Dist.: Purba Medinipur, W.Bengal, Mob. No.: 9434010913 7
Area of Roof Catchment area). Height of rain fall Vol. of rain fall over the plot Rain water endowment of that area
1.50 m = Area plot x height of rain fall = 100 Sqm x 1.50 m = 150 cum = 150,000 litres (Say A)
ARKHTON
Architects Engineers Planners
8 Jagannathpur, P.O.: Mahishadal, Dist.: Purba Medinipur, W.Bengal, Mob. No.: 9434010913
Statistically and approximately only effectively harvested water quantity may be considered as = Rain Water endowment of that area (A) x 0.80 x surface efficient (to be obtained from Table No. 2) = 150,000 x 0.80 x 0.85 = 102,000 litres This volume is about half the annual water requirement of a 5 member family. The average water is required per person per day is 100 - 110 litres. Other wise this much of water can be used for purpose of artificial recharge of ground water to restore the supply from aquifer which is depleted due to excessive ground water development and usages. ARKHTON
Architects Engineers Planners
9 Jagannathpur, P.O.: Mahishadal, Dist.: Purba Medinipur, W.Bengal, Mob. No.: 9434010913
Re-charge structures:
Detailed knowledge of geological and hydrological features of the area is necessary
for adequately selecting the site and type of recharge structures. In particular, the features parameters and data to be considered are: geological boundaries, hydrological boundaries, inflow and outflow of water, storage capacity, porosity, hydraulic conductivity, transmissivity, natural discharge of springs water resources
available for recharge, natural recharge, water balance, lithology, depth of aquifer,
tectonic boundaries. The aquifer best suited for artificial recharge are those aquifers which absorb large quantity of water and do not release the same to quickly.
ARKHTON
Architects Engineers Planners
10 Jagannathpur, P.O.: Mahishadal, Dist.: Purba Medinipur, W.Bengal, Mob. No.: 9434010913
ii.
iii. Recharge pit. iv. Recharge Through Trench. v. Gravity Head Recharge Tube Well.
ARKHTON
Architects Engineers Planners
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Jagannathpur, P.O.: Mahishadal, Dist.: Purba Medinipur, W.Bengal, Mob. No.: 9434010913
Design Guidelines:
In general the recharge structures are designed with total volume as twice the peak discharge as detailed below:
vii. Cost Rs. 5000 to Rs. 8000 as per prevailing rates in the year 2000 in Delhi. viii. The run off 1st rain should not be allowed to go percolate to the rain water harvesting structure and allowed it to go to the drain by making suitable by-pass arrangement in water carrying pipe systems.
Architects
ARKHTON
Engineers Planners
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Jagannathpur, P.O.: Mahishadal, Dist.: Purba Medinipur, W.Bengal, Mob. No.: 9434010913
vii. Cost Rs. 1500/- to Rs. 2500/- as per prevailing rates in the year 2000 in Delhi.
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Architects Engineers Planners
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Recharge Pit
i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. Recharge pits are constructed for recharging the shallow aquifer. These are constructed generally 1 to 2 m wide and 2 to 3 m deep. After excavation, the pits are refilled with pebbles and boulders. Water to be recharged should be silt free as far as possible. Cleaning of the pit should be done annually preferably. It is suitable for small buildings having the roof top area upto 100 sqm.
vii. Recharge pit may be may be of any shape i.e. circular, square or rectangular. viii. The run off of 1st rain should not be allowed to go percolate to the rain water harvesting structure and allowed it to go to the drain by making suitable by-pass arrangement in water carrying pipe systems. ix. x. If the pit is of trapezoidal shape, the side slopes should be steep enough to avoid silt deposition. Cost Rs. 2500/- to Rs. 5000/- as per prevailing rates in the year 2000 in Delhi.
ARKHTON
Architects Engineers Planners
Jagannathpur, P.O.: Mahishadal, Dist.: Purba Medinipur, W.Bengal, Mob. No.: 9434010913 14
Recharge Trench
i.
ii. iii. iv. v. vi.
vii. Cost Rs. 5000 10,000/- as per prevailing rates in the year 2000 in Delhi.
ARKHTON
Architects Engineers Planners
15 Jagannathpur, P.O.: Mahishadal, Dist.: Purba Medinipur, W.Bengal, Mob. No.: 9434010913
vii. The number of recharging structures can be determined in limited area around the
Jagannathpur, P.O.: Mahishadal, Dist.: Purba Medinipur, W.Bengal, Mob. No.: 9434010913
Recharge Shaft
i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. A recharge shaft is dug manually or drilled by the reverse/direct rotary method. Diameter of recharge shaft varies from 0.5 to 3 m depending upon the availability of water to be recharged. It is constructed where the shallow aquifer is located below clayey surface. Recharge shaft is back filled with boulders, gravels and coarse sand. It should end in more permeable strata (sand). Depth of recharge shaft varies from 10 15 m below ground level. building. viii. It should be cleaned annually preferably by scraping the top layer of sand and refilling it accordingly. ix. Cost Rs. 60,000/- to Rs. 85,000/- as per prevailing rates in the year 2000 in Delhi.
vii. Recharged shaft should be constructed 10 to 15 m away from buildings for the safety of
ARKHTON
Architects Engineers Planners
17 Jagannathpur, P.O.: Mahishadal, Dist.: Purba Medinipur, W.Bengal, Mob. No.: 9434010913
/execution.
General Recommendation for Rain Water Harvesting. ARKHTON
Architects Engineers Planners
18 Jagannathpur, P.O.: Mahishadal, Dist.: Purba Medinipur, W.Bengal, Mob. No.: 9434010913
Collected basic data on topography, rainfall pattern of that area, hydrogeology aquifer situation, landsource water availability. Identify the methods which is most suitable.
ii.
Which reference to the local conditions of the area, further identify the most appropriate techniques of artificial recharge suitable at various sites/locations on the basis of total available aquifer. Whether it is at shallow depths i.e. 6 to 8 meters from ground level or at sufficient depths i.e. more than 8 meters from ground level.
Determine the number of each type of artificial recharge structure needed to achieve the quantitative targets. The recharge structure should be designed with volume of water it may store for equivalent of 24 hours rainfall and surface area of run-off for which the recharge structure has been considered, without giving any allowance for percolation during this period of 24 hours. For Individual structure at different locations, finalise the design specifications from the details given in case studies. If required, the necessary advice from local Geological Department or Central Ground Water Board may be obtained. Finalise the design of the conveyance system required to bring the source water to the recharge structure site and treatment required in the form of settlement tanks. Plan the required monitoring system to evaluate the efficiency of recharge scheme and ensure regular maintenance of recharge structures before onset of monsoon every year.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
ARKHTON
Architects Engineers Planners
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Table No.-VI
Roof Area Sq.m.
50
100 150 200 300 400 500 600 800 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 4000 5000
ARKHTON
Architects Engineers Planners
Jagannathpur, P.O.: Mahishadal, Dist.: Purba Medinipur, W.Bengal, Mob. No.: 9434010913
20
ii.
iii.
iv.
v. vi.
Collected basic data on topography, rainfall pattern of that area, hydrogeology aquifer situation, land-source water availability. Identify the methods which is most suitable. Which reference to the local conditions of the area, further identify the most appropriate techniques of artificial recharge suitable at various sites/locations on the basis of total available aquifer. Whether it is at shallow depths i.e. 6 to 8 meters from ground level or at sufficient depths i.e. more than 8 meters from ground level. Determine the number of each type of artificial recharge structure needed to achieve the quantitative targets. The recharge structure should be designed with volume of water it may store for equivalent of 24 hours rainfall and surface area of run-off for which the recharge structure has been considered, without giving any allowance for percolation during this period of 24 hours. For Individual structure at different locations, finalise the design specifications from the details given in case studies. If required, the necessary advice from local Geological Department or Central Ground Water Board may be obtained. Finalise the design of the conveyance system required to bring the source water to the recharge structure site and treatment required in the form of settlement tanks. Plan the required monitoring system to evaluate the efficiency of recharge scheme and ensure regular maintenance of recharge structures before onset of monsoon every year. ARKHTON Architects Engineers Planners
Jagannathpur, P.O.: Mahishadal, Dist.: Purba Medinipur, W.Bengal, Mob. No.: 9434010913
21
In a given plot attempt should be made to keep the maximum plot area as katcha area which allows rain water for percolation to ground water. The rain water from seasons first rain should normally not be used for percolation to recharge structure because it contains pollutants from the air and catchment surface. For such water suitable arrangement for by-pass in pipe system should be introduction. A suitable provision should be made if possible to allow rain water to percolate to ground water after passing it through settlement tank because such rain water contains silt which is deposited on sand bed and reduces the percolation rates. The recharge structure should be made on a plot at the place of lower levels / elevations so that rain water may flow towards it under normal gravitation flow.
On a vast and sloppy land patch, the contour bunds preferably of mud with height varying from 15 cm to 30 cm should be made to store run off temporarily over the katcha land area, thus allowing more time for percolation of water to the ground water and arresting the follow of run off to the drains / sewers.
For recharge of run off from roads suitable arrangements in the foot path by should had some katcha area which may facilitate rain water to percolate to ground water. ARKHTON
Architects Engineers Planners
22
Jagannathpur, P.O.: Mahishadal, Dist.: Purba Medinipur, W.Bengal, Mob. No.: 9434010913
Ideal condition for rain water harvesting and artificial recharge to ground water artificial recharge techniques are adopted where:
i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii.
Adequate space for surface storage is not available specially in urban areas. Water level is deep enough (more than 8 mtr) and adequate sub-surface storage is available. Permeable strata is available at shallow/moderate depth upto 10 to 15 mtr. Where adequate quality of surface water is available for recharge to ground water. Ground water quality is bad and our aim is to improve it. Where there is possibility of intrusion of saline water especially in coastal. Where the evaporation rate is very high from surface water bodies.
The decision where to store or recharge rain water depends on the rain fall pattern of a particular region.
i. If rain fall period between two spells of the rain is short i.e. two to tour month, in such situation a small domestic size water tank for storing rain water for drinking and cooking purpose can be used.
ii.
In other regions where total annual rain fall occurs only during 3 to 4 months of monsoon and the period between two such spells is very large i.e. 7 to 8 months, so it is feasible to use rain water to percolate to the ground water aquifers rather than for storage which means that huge volumes of storage container are required.
ARKHTON
Architects Engineers Planners
23
Jagannathpur, P.O.: Mahishadal, Dist.: Purba Medinipur, W.Bengal, Mob. No.: 9434010913
ARKHTON
Architects Engineers Planners
Jagannathpur, P.O.: Mahishadal, Dist.: Purba Medinipur, W.Bengal, Mob. No.: 9434010913
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Bore in mm
50 Rs. 143.50 172.60 221.50 1678.60 65 Rs. 225.70 289.70 353.30 3022.90 75 Rs. 285.00 392.50 495.70 4790.30 100 Rs. 410.00 545.70 1062.50 7913.70 150 Rs. 843.40 1160.00 2243.80
29001 UPVC Pipes (SHC-40) 29002 UPVC Pipes (SHC-80) HDPE PIPES 29003 UPVC Pipes PN 10
EACH BALL VALVES
ARKHTON
Architects Engineers Planners
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Bore in mm
FILTER UNIT 10 Rs. 6695.00 20 Rs. 13395.00 30 Rs. 20090.00 40 Rs. 26790.00 50 Rs. 33485.00 60 Rs. 40185.00
STORAGE TANK
Rates do not include the cost of pipes & fittings. 29006 PVC under ground tank
Bore in mm
1200 Rs. 2000 Rs. 3000 Rs. 4000 Rs. 5000 Rs. 6000 Rs.
9815.00
16360.00
24540.00
32720.00
40900.00
49000.00
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Architects Engineers Planners
Jagannathpur, P.O.: Mahishadal, Dist.: Purba Medinipur, W.Bengal, Mob. No.: 9434010913 26
ARKHTON
Architects Engineers Planners
27 Jagannathpur, P.O.: Mahishadal, Dist.: Purba Medinipur, W.Bengal, Mob. No.: 9434010913
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Architects Engineers Planners
28 Jagannathpur, P.O.: Mahishadal, Dist.: Purba Medinipur, W.Bengal, Mob. No.: 9434010913
ARKHTON
Architects Engineers Planners
Jagannathpur, P.O.: Mahishadal, Dist.: Purba Medinipur, W.Bengal, Mob. No.: 9434010913
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ARKHTON
Architects Engineers Planners
Jagannathpur, P.O.: Mahishadal, Dist.: Purba Medinipur, W.Bengal, Mob. No.: 9434010913
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ARKHTON
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31 Jagannathpur, P.O.: Mahishadal, Dist.: Purba Medinipur, W.Bengal, Mob. No.: 9434010913
ARKHTON
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Jagannathpur, P.O.: Mahishadal, Dist.: Purba Medinipur, W.Bengal, Mob. No.: 9434010913