Strategic Capital Group Workshop #7: DCF Modeling

Agenda
Forecasting Part 2
Projecting A Companys Lines Finishing the Model WACC Calculating Terminal and Equity Value

Previously, on SCG Workshop

We discussed ways to forecast revenue: 1.) Use past historical growth rates to predict future rates Works well if you expect the company to remain stable at its current levels, ineffective if company is changing. 2.) Use analyst estimates as a benchmark and adjust them slightly to reflect the differences between your opinions 3.) Compute numbers yourself We will work on this today

Previously, on SCG Workshop

We talked about how you can forecast revenue by taking analyst estimates for the next 5 years, reading their report on why they picked their numbers, then using your own opinion about the company to adjust the projection accordingly.

Analyst Estimate: $50B in revenue (10% growth over 2011)

Analyst thinks the product sell decently this year so picked 10% growth rate.

You think the product will grow faster than the analyst thinks, so you go 12%

We can also forecast revenues without analyst benchmarks

The Pear Company makes only one product, the qPhone. Currently the qPhone has a 15% market share in a very saturated smartphone market.

We believe the qPhone 2 that was just announced will revolutionize smartphones and drive all qPhone users to upgrade. Since surveys show that 30% of R2D2 Smartphone OS users would consider moving to the qPhone 2, we can make a projection about Pears top line growth.

We can also forecast revenues without analyst benchmarks

SmartPhone Market$1T per year in sales 5M phones sold per year Market Composition15% qPhone 25% BlueBerry 60% R2D2 10% Doors

If R2D2 will lose 30% of its market share to us and we will keep our 15% renewing to the qPhone 2, we can forecast out how much our sales will increase over 5 years.

COGS Forecasting
We need to figure out how much COGS will change by as well.
To do this we need to ask ourselves some questions.
Do we expect the direct inputs into the products to decline in price or usage?
Management could be identifying cost cutting measures, oil prices rising could drive up input prices and transportation costs, better efficiency in the supply chain can drive down costs

COGS Forecasting
If we expect efficiency, cost-cutting measures, decline in input prices, etc. then we should expect COGS to go down and Gross Margin to increase. We do this by increasing our COGS (through the growth rate) at a rate slower than the growth rate of revenue. Only rarely do we give COGS a negative growth rate- this would imply we can use less inputs despite having to make more products, almost impossible. If we do not expect that there will be cost cutting measures put into place, COGS should grow at the same rate that revenue does. Will this make FCF shrink over the years? NO! We can still grow free cash flow by increasing revenue, FCF just grows faster when margin increases.

SG&A Forecasting
SG&A forecasting works much in the same way as COGS, however it deals with changes in Selling, General, and Administrative expenses.
In the 10-K MD&A section, management will typically discuss how they see SG&A moving.
SG&A and EBIT Margin doesnt normally change as much as Gross Margin.

Capital Expenditures
Lets look at MD&A for a good estimate for Capital Expenditures (purchases of long-term assets, found in the statement of cash flows investing section). In non-time constrained environments we would go back and check Managements accuracy of predictions.

Capital Expenditures
As a company matures, typically its Capital Expenditures tails off

Depreciation
Depreciation is tied to long-term assets, (long-term assets are the only assets that generate depreciation expense, we dont depreciate cash or accounts receivable). We can look at a depreciation schedule in the 10k to figure out how much depreciation will come due from year to year and forecast that way, or tie it to CapEx growth (eventually D&A growth will tie to CapEx growth). We add depreciation back to Revenue in order to eliminate non-cash expenses and get to a more accurate Free Cash Flow

So where are we?

Weve learned forecasting tools for revenues, costs, and learned the general form of a DCFs line items. Weve gone over how depreciation and CapEx are forecasted and how they affect free cash flows.

Change in Net Working Capital

Working Capital = Current Assets Current Liabilities We deal with non-cash current assets and non-interest bearing current liabilities Represents operating liquidity of the business. We add/ subtract this from Revenue due to the involvement of changes in current assets and liabilities to cash
We pay cash to increase current assets, and gain cash when current assets are sold, the inverse applies to liabilities

So if the change in NWC is positive, then we added more assets than liabilities so we subtract this from Revenue. If change in NWC was negative (more liabilities added than assets), this will increase the amount of cash we received during the period

Net Working Capital

Flip to the NWC page on the DCF Template Here we forecast out changes in major current assets: Accounts Receivable, Inventory, Prepaid Expenses and current liabilities: accrued liabilities and accounts payable Not cash, want this to be independent of cash flows generated.

Net Working Capital

Current Assets:
Accounts Receivable: customers paid on credit
Calculate DSO (Days Sales Outstanding)
(AR / Sales) * 365 tells us how long it takes to collect a full A/R account

Inventory: RM, WIP, FG

Calculate DIH (Days Inventory Held)
(Inventory / COGS) * 365 Tells us how long inventory spends in our warehouse before it is sold

Prepaid Expenses/Other: payments made before product given/service performed

Simply % Sales

Net Working Capital

CLs:
Accounts Payable: amount company owes for credit purchases
Calculate DPO (Days Payable Outstanding)
(AP / COGS) * 365 Average number of days it takes to make payment on outstanding purchases

Accrued Liabilities: ie wages payable, rent, interest, taxes

Simply % Sales

Projecting an Account
We Project these by either holding the DSO/DIH/%Sales constant through time (or growing/shrinking it a little each year) and calculating what the account will look like based on our sales predictions.

Projecting an Account
If Days Sales Outstanding has been about 45 days for the past few years, we can be fairly confident it will remain 45.

Accounts Receivable * 365 We projected revenue will go from 100M to 110M next year DSO = Sales

So we know DSO (because we held it constant at 45 after some research), and sales (based on our revenue growth rates) so we can calculate A/R Accounts Receivable * 365 45 = 110M = 13.5M

Projecting Accounts
We do the same with the rest of the current liabilities and assets With percentages, we expect the assets value to be a % of revenue (or other account) so just look at that years projected account and take the percentage to find what the new current account value is. Look at the year-over-year change value and take (sum of current asset changes) (sum of current liabilities changes) to find the change in NWC.

Check for Understanding

Inventory Level this year: $100M Cost of Goods Sold this Year: $450M What is Days Inventory Held?
DIH = (Inventory/COGS)*365
DIH = (100/450)* 365 DIH= 81

Check for Understanding

If we forecasted $500M in COGS in 2013 and expected DIH to grow by 1 day each year, what will our inventory be in 2013?
DIH = (Inventory/COGS)*365
82 = (Inventory/500)* 365 Inventory = $112.35M So change in inventory = 112.35M 100M = 12.35M

What is the change in Net Working Capital?

Inventory grew from 2012 to 2013 by 12M Accounts Receivable decreased by 4M Prepaid Expenses grew by 1M Accrued Liabilities grew by 8M Accounts Payable grew by 13M
(12+4+1) - (8+13) 17-20 -3M

So whats left?
We know what our revenue and costs will be over the next 5 years, we know NWC and the depreciation and CapEx. Weve reached free cash flow, but we need to figure out what the cash flows are worth today. We need to discount them back to the future. But what discount rate do we use? How do we find an discount rate that reflects the diversity of risk within our specific company?

Weighted Average Cost of Capital

What is it? Essentially the weighted average rate a company expects to pay out to its financing sources (both debt and equity holders) We use this rate as a discount rate for the cash flows. It is also the long-term return we expect on the investment

Weighted Average Cost of Capital

Equation:

WACC = %Debt x Cost of debt x (1-Tax Rate) + %Equity x Cost of equity

Essentially: How much return all of our financiers get = How much return the equity holders demand * weighting of equity + How much return the debt holders demand/get * weighting of debt

Cost of Debt
In order to find what the company pays to its debt holders, we should find what the weighted average interest rate for their debt is (on the 10-K) We then weight the average interest rate they pay (by multiplying it by what percentage of their capital comes from debt capital) then multiply it again by (1-tax rate) to adjust for the tax deductibility of interest expense. (Average Interest Rate * %debt) * (1-tax Rate)

Check for Understanding

So what is the cost of debt for a company that has all of its money from equity holders?
0! If we dont have any debt, then we dont care about debt financing costs.
(Average Interest Rate * %debt) * (1-tax Rate)

Check for Understanding

If a companys credit rating goes down, what happens to its cost of debt?
(Average Interest Rate * %debt) * (1-tax Rate) HINT: a decrease in credit rating will drive up your average interest rate

Cost of debt will increase

Cost of Equity
Market Premium = Return in the Equity market (Rm) Risk-Free Rate (Rf)

Essentially how much an extra return an investor gets for taking on equity risk.

Can take a 5-20 year average of S&P or DOWs returns or just a 1 year.

10- Year Treasury Yield

(Market Premium * Beta) + Risk-Free Rate = Cost of Equity

Adjusting the equity returns for risk

Typically a long term beta

Check for Understanding

If the returns in the equity market increases, what happens to a companys cost of equity?
Market Premium = Return in the Equity market (Rm) Risk-Free Rate (Rf)
(Market Premium * Beta) + Risk-Free Rate = Cost of Equity

It increases, since now in order to compete for financing dollars through equity, the company must effectively yield more returns to entice investors.

WACC
So what is the calculation for it? (Cost of Debt * % of capital that comes from debt) * (1-tax Rate) +Cost of Equity * % of capital from equity

Weighted Average Cost of Capital

What influences it?
Market Interest Rates Company Volatility (beta) Equity market returns Risk-free rates Tax rates

STOP!
We just learned how to calculate WACC, the value we will be using for our discount rate. IT IS IMPERATIVE YOU YELL AT ME AND ASK QUESTIONS!

Discounting
We use the PV equation to discount each cash flow back to its present value. Remember: PV = (FV/ (1+ Discount Rate) ^ years away)

Discounting
Were still missing part of the value of the company, the company wont stop functioning after 5 years, technically we need to do this for the entire life of the company to find what the company is worth. We call the estimation of a companys cash flows from t=5 to t= infinity its terminal value

Critical Thinking
If were taking the PV of an infinite number of years cash flows, shouldnt the PV end up being infinity?

No- as you get further and further into the future, a dollar becomes worth less and less until it eventually becomes worth nothing.

Terminal Value
2 ways to calculate this:
Exit Multiple Approach Long-term growth rate approach

Terminal Value: The Exit Multiple Approach

We can multiply the 5th years cash flow by a multiple of EV/EBITDA we plan to sell the company at in the future, then discount it back at year 5.
Terminal Value = 5th Year Cash Flow * Projceted (EV/EBITDA)

Terminal Value: The Exit Multiple Approach

We discount this terminal value back to the present value using year=5, not infinity.
Calculated FV Terminal Value PV Terminal Value = (1+Discount Rate) ^5

Terminal Value: The Long-Term Rate

We can also calculate terminal value by figuring out the long-term growth rate of a company- essentially the amount we expect a company to grow consistently in the future once it has matured. Typically this number is just slightly larger than US or world GDP growth.
5th Year Cash Flow * (1+LT Rate)
Discount Rate LT Rate Terminal Value =

Enterprise Value
Stepping aside, we need to discuss another way to measure the size of a company. Previously we said market cap was a way to size a company (Price * shares outstanding) But this had the issue of not taking into account the debt that was used to fund a company. We adjust for this problem by calculating Enterprise Value

Enterprise Value
EV is essentially the amount of money you would have to pay to take over a company, buying all of its debt and equity.
EV = Market Cap + Debt Cash +Preferred Shares + Minority Interest

We take out cash because when we buyout a company, we are paying cash for cash, which cancels out.

Here we are taking into account nonequity shares we have to buyout

Getting to Enterprise Value from Cash Flows

After discounting the terminal value and the FCFs from the 5 projected years, we add them all up to reach our implied Enterprise Value. From this, we solve for market cap by taking out debt, preferred shares, and minority interest, leaving us with Market Cap + Cash. We divide this value by the shares outstanding to find the implied price per share.