Ratio Analysis: Submitted By:-Hardik Baghmar

Ratio Analysis
Submitted by:Hardik Baghmar
A ratio is a numerical relationship between two numbers in financial statements.
Liquidity Ratios Leverage Ratios Efficiency Ratios Profitability Ratios
Liquidity Ratios
Current Ratio
It is the most popularly used ratio to judge liquidity of a firm. It is defined as the ratio between current assets and current liabilities i.e.
Current Ratio = Current Assets/Current Liabilities

Current Assets include cash, debtors, marketable securities, bills receivable, inventories, loans and advances, and prepaid expenses, while Current Liabilities include loans and advances (taken), creditors, bills payable, accrued expenses and provisions.
It measures a firms ability to meet short term obligations. The higher the current ratio, the more is the firms ability to meet current obligations, and greater is the safety of funds of short term creditors. A current ratio of 1.5:1 implies that for every one rupee of current liability, current assets of oneand-half rupees are available to meet the obligation
Acid Test Ratio/ Quick Ratio

Though a higher current ratio implies the greater short term solvency of the firm, the break up of the current assets is very important to assess the liquidity of a firm. A firm with a large proportion of current assets in the form of cash and accounts receivable is more liquid than a firm with a high proportion of inventories even though two firms might have the same ratio.
A more rigorous way to ascertain a firm's liquidity is found out by acid-test/quick ratio. Inventory and prepaid expenses are excluded from the current assets, leaving only the more liquid assets to be divided by current liabilities. It is found by:
Acid-Test Ratio = Current Assets - (Inventory + Prepaid Expenses)/Current Liabilities
Leverage Ratios
Financial Leverage refers to the use of debt finance. Leverage Ratios help in assessing the risk arising from the use of debt capital. The key ratios in this category are:
Debt-Equity ratio Debt-Asset Ratio Interest Coverage Ratio
Debt-Equity Ratio
Shows the relative contributions of creditors and owners D-E ratio = Debt / Equity Debt consists of all long term debt. Equity signifies the net worth.
Debt Asset Ratio

Measures the extent to which borrowed funds support the firms assets. D-A ratio = Debt (s/t + l/t)/ Assets
Interest Coverage Ratio

Also called as the times interest earned ratio: = PBIT / Interest Used by lenders to assess a firms Debt capacity
Efficiency Ratios
More popularly known as activity ratios or asset management ratios which help measure how efficiently the assets are employed by a firm under consideration.
Some of the important turnover ratios are:
Inventory Turnover Ratio It measures how many times a firm's inventory has been sold during a year. It is found by:
Inventory Turnover Ratio = Cost of Goods Sold/Inventory
The higher the ratio, the more efficient the inventory management (i.e. how quickly/fast the inventory is sold. A high ratio is considered good from the view point of liquidity and vice versa.
Debtors Turnover This ratio shows how many times sundry debtors turn over during the year. The higher the ratio, the greater the efficiency of credit management: = Net Credit Sales / Average Sundry Debtors (receivables)
Average Collection Period It represents the number of days taken to collect an account. It is defined as: Average Sundry Debtors (accounts receivable) / Average Daily Credit Sales
Fixed Asset Turnover This ratio is used to measure the efficiency with which fixed assets are employed. A high ratio indicates an efficient use of fixed assets.
= Net Sales / Net Fixed Assets
Profitability Ratios
Gross Profit Margin : Shows the margin left after meeting manufacturing costs. It measures the efficiency of production as well as pricing. Net Profit Margin: Shows the earnings left for shareholders as a percentage of net sales.
ROA = PAT / Avg total assets ROE = Equity Earnings / Average Equity

Ratio Analysis: Submitted By:-Hardik Baghmar

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Ratio Analysis

Submitted by:Hardik Baghmar

A ratio is a numerical relationship between two numbers in financial statements.

Liquidity Ratios Leverage Ratios Efficiency Ratios Profitability Ratios

Current Ratio = Current Assets/Current Liabilities

Acid Test Ratio/ Quick Ratio

Acid-Test Ratio = Current Assets - (Inventory + Prepaid Expenses)/Current Liabilities

Debt-Equity ratio Debt-Asset Ratio Interest Coverage Ratio

Debt Asset Ratio

Interest Coverage Ratio

Inventory Turnover Ratio = Cost of Goods Sold/Inventory

= Net Sales / Net Fixed Assets

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