TEL2813/IS2820 Security Management

Legal & Ethical Issues

Laws and Security

Federal and state laws affect privacy and secrecy

Rights of individuals to keep information private

Laws regulate the use, development and ownership of data and programs

Patent laws, trade secrets

Laws affect actions that can be taken to protect secrecy, integrity and availability

Comparison
Copyright Protects Object made public Requirement to distribute Ease of filing Expression of idea Yes: intention is to promote Yes Very easy, do-ityourself Patent Invention Design filed at patent office No Very complicated; specialist lawyer suggested Trade secret Secret information No No No filing

Duration

Life of human 19 years originator or 75 years of company Sue if copy sold Object code, documentation Sue if invention copied Hardware

Indefinite

Legal protection Examples

Sue if secret improperly obtained Source code

Employee and Employer Rights

Employees generate idea and products Ownership is an issue in computer security

Ownership of products

Rights of employer to protect the works of employees

Eve writes programs at night and sells it herself If Eve is a programmer in a company and the program remotely corresponds to her job,

Employer may claim it!

Employee and Employer Rights

If Eve is self-employed but an earlier version was developed for a company

Company may show that it had paid for the program and then claim ownership

Ownership of patents

If employee lets employer file the patent employer is deemed to own the patent and therefore the rights to the innovation Employer has right to patent if the employees job function includes inventing the product

Employee and Employer Rights

Work-for-hire situations

Alternate to work-for-hire is License

The employer has a supervisory relationship overseeing how the creative work is done The employer has right to fire the employee The employer arranges work to be done before the work was created A written statement that states the employer has hired the employee to do certain work Programmer owns the product- sells license to company Beneficial for the programmer

Computer crime

Hard to predict for the following reason

Low computer literacy among lawyers, police agents, jurors, etc. Tangible evidence like fingerprints and physical clues may not exist Forms of asset different

Is computer time an asset? Many involve juveniles

Juveniles

The Legal Environment

InfoSec professionals should understand

The legal framework within which their organizations operate to a greater or lesser extent depending on the nature of the organization and the scale on which it operates

The legal environment influences

Types Of Law

Civil law:

pertains to relationships between and among individuals and organizations addresses violations harmful to society and actively enforced/prosecuted by the state subset of civil law which allows individuals to seek recourse against others in the event of personal, physical, or financial injury

Criminal law:

Tort law:

Types Of Law

Private law: regulates relationships among individuals and among individuals and organizations

Encompasses family law, commercial law, and labor law

Public law: regulates structure and administration of government agencies and their relationships with citizens, employees, and other governments

Includes criminal, administrative, and constitutional law

Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986

Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of (1986)

cornerstone of many computer-related federal laws and enforcement efforts Amended October 1996 by National Information Infrastructure Protection Act of 1996

to increase penalties for selected crimes

Further modified by the USA Patriot Act (2001) of providing law enforcement with broader latitude to combat terrorismrelated activities

Uniting and Strengthening America Act by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism

Communication Act of 1934

Communication Act of 1934 was revised by the Telecommunications Deregulation and Competition Act of 1996,

attempts to modernize archaic terminology of older act Provides penalties for misuse of telecommunications devices, specifically telephones

Computer Security Act of 1987

Computer Security Act of 1987

was one of first attempts to protect federal computer systems by establishing minimum acceptable security practices

Act charged National Bureau of Standards and National Security Agency with the following tasks:

Developing standards, guidelines, and associated methods and techniques for computer systems Developing uniform standards and guidelines for most federal computer systems

Computer Security Act of 1987 (Continued)

Developing technical, management, physical, and administrative standards and guidelines for cost-effective security and privacy of sensitive information in federal computer systems Developing guidelines for use by operators of federal computer systems that contain sensitive information in training their employees in security awareness and accepted security practice Developing validation procedures for, and evaluate the effectiveness of, standards and guidelines through research and liaison with other government and private agencies

Computer Security Act of 1987 (Continued)

Established Computer System Security and Privacy Advisory Board within DoC Also amended Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949,

requiring National Bureau of Standards to distribute standards and guidelines pertaining to federal computer systems, making such standards compulsory and binding mandatory periodic training in computer security awareness and accepted computer security practice for all users of federal computer systems

Requires

Privacy Laws

Many organizations collect, trade, and sell personal information as a commodity

In the past, not possible to create databases that contained personal information collected from multiple sources Today, aggregation of data from multiple sources permits some to build databases with alarming quantities of personal information

Datamining/Data-warehouses

Privacy Laws

Privacy of Customer Information Section of the section of regulations covering common carriers specifies

that any proprietary information shall be used explicitly for providing services, and not for any marketing purposes Does permit use of aggregate information

Privacy Laws (Continued)

Federal Privacy Act of 1974

regulates the governments use of private information Created to ensure that

government agencies protect privacy of individuals and businesses information, and hold them responsible if this information is released without permission

Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986

is a collection of statutes that regulates the interception of wire, electronic, and oral communications Works in cooperation with the Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution which prohibits search and seizure without a warrant

HIPAA

Health Insurance Portability & Accountability Act Of 1996 (HIPAA),

also known as the Kennedy-Kassebaum Act

Protects confidentiality and security of health care data by establishing and enforcing standards and standardizing electronic data interchange Requires organizations that retain health care information to use information security mechanisms to protect this information, as well as policies and procedures to maintain them Requires comprehensive assessment of organization's information security systems, policies, and procedures

HIPAA (Continued)

Five fundamental privacy principles:

Consumer control of medical information Boundaries on the use of medical information

Accountability for the privacy of private information

Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act

Aka. Financial Services Modernization Act - 1999 Applies to banks, securities firms, and insurance companies Requires all financial institutions

Ensures that

to disclose privacy policies and To describe how they share nonpublic personal information and To describe how customers can request that their information not be shared with third parties privacy policies are fully disclosed when a customer initiates a business relationship, and distributed at least annually for the duration of the professional association

Export and Espionage Laws

Economic Espionage Act (EEA) in 1996

Security and Freedom through Encryption Act of 1997

In an attempt to protect intellectual property and competitive advantage, it attempts to protect trade secrets
Provides guidance on use of encryption Institutes measures of public protection from government intervention Reinforces individuals right to use or sell encryption algorithms without concern for the impact of other regulations requiring some form of key registration Prohibits federal government from requiring use of encryption for contracts, grants, and other official documents and correspondence

U.S. Copyright Law

U.S. copyright law

Fair use allows

extends protection to intellectual property, which includes words published in electronic formats
material to be quoted so long as the purpose is educational and not for profit, and the usage is not excessive must be provided to author and/or copyright holder of such works, including a description of the location of source materials by using a recognized form of citation

Proper acknowledgement

Freedom of Information Act of 1966 (FOIA)

All federal agencies are required under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) to

disclose records requested in writing by any person only to federal agencies and does not create a right of access to records held by Congress, the courts, or by state or local government agencies

FOIA applies

Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

enforces accountability for financial record keeping and reporting at publicly traded corporations Requires that CEO and chief financial officer (CFO) assume direct and personal accountability for completeness and accuracy of a publicly traded organizations financial reporting and record-keeping systems

related areas of availability and confidentiality are also emphasized

International Laws And Legal Bodies

Many domestic laws and customs

do not apply to international trade which is governed by international treaties and trade agreements

Because of cultural differences and political complexities of the relationships among nations,

there are currently few international laws relating to privacy and information security

European Council Cyber-Crime Convention

European Council Cyber-Crime Convention

Empowers an international task force to

oversee a range of Internet security functions and to standardize technology laws internationally to improve effectiveness of international investigations into breaches of technology law

Attempts

Overall goal:

simplify acquisition of information for law enforcement agents in certain types of international crimes, as well as the extradition process

Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) and other IP protection

Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA)

U.S.-based international effort to reduce impact of copyright, trademark, and privacy infringement especially via the removal of technological copyright protection measures that increases individual rights to process and freely move personal data United Kingdom has already implemented a version of this directive called the Database Right

European Union created Directive 95/46/EC

State and Local Regulations

Georgia Computer Systems Protection Act

Has various computer security provisions Establishes specific penalties for use of information technology to attack or exploit information systems in organizations Requires that a business may not discard a record containing personal information unless it, shreds, erases, modifies or otherwise makes the information irretrievable

Georgia Identity Theft Law

Policy versus Law

Key difference between policy and law is that ignorance of policy is an acceptable defense; therefore policies must be:

Distributed to all individuals who are expected to comply with them Readily available for employee reference Easily understood, with multilingual translations and translations for visually impaired or low-literacy employees Acknowledged by the employee, usually by means of a signed consent form

Ethics

An objectively defined standard of right and wrong Often idealistic principles In a given situation several ethical issues may be present Different from law

Law and Ethics in Information Security

Laws are rules adopted and enforced by governments to codify expected behavior in modern society Key difference between law and ethics is that

law carries the sanction of a governing authority and ethics do not relatively fixed moral attitudes or customs of a societal group

Ethics are based on cultural mores:

Law vs. Ethics

Described by formal written documents Interpreted by courts Established by legislatures representing all people Applicable to everyone Priority determined by laws if two laws conflict Court is final arbiter for right Enforceable by police and courts

Ethics

Described by unwritten principles Interpreted by each individual Presented by philosophers, religions, professional groups Personal choice Priority determined by an individual if two principles conflict No external arbiter Limited enforcement

Ethical reasoning

Consequence-based

Based on the good that results from an action

Rule-based

Based on the certain prima facie duties of people

Individual

Universal

Based on consequences to all of society

Based on universal rules, evident to everyone

Ethics Example

Privacy of electronic data

gentlemen do not read others mail - but not everyone is a gentleman! Ethical question: when is it justifiable to access data not belonging to you

One approach: Protection is users responsibility Another: supervisors have access to those supervised Another: justifiably compelling situation

Codes of ethics

IEEE professional codes of ethic

To avoid real or perceived conflict of interest whenever possible, and to disclose them to affected parties when they do exist To be honest and realistic in stating claims or estimates based on available data

ACM professional codes of ethics

Be honest and trustworthy Give proper credit for intellectual property

The Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics (from The Computer Ethics Institute)

Thou shalt not use a computer to harm other people Thou shalt not interfere with other people's computer work Thou shalt not snoop around in other people's computer files Thou shalt not use a computer to steal Thou shalt not use a computer to bear false witness Thou shalt not copy or use proprietary software for which you have not paid Thou shalt not use other people's computer resources without authorization or proper compensation Thou shalt not appropriate other people's intellectual output Thou shalt think about the social consequences of the program you are writing or the system you are designing Thou shalt always use a computer in ways that ensure consideration and respect for your fellow humans

Differences In Ethical Concepts

Studies reveal that individuals of different nationalities have different perspectives on the ethics of computer use Difficulties arise when one nationalitys ethical behavior does not correspond to that of another national group
Categories Software licensing Illicit use Misuse of Corporate resources

Ethics And Education

Differences in computer use ethics are not exclusively cultural

Found among individuals within the same country, same social class, same company

Key studies reveal that overriding factor in leveling ethical perceptions within a small population is education Employees must be trained and kept up to date on information security topics, including the expected behaviors of an ethical employee

Deterring Unethical and Illegal Behavior

Responsibility of information security personnel to do everything in their power

to deter unethical and illegal acts, using policy, education, training, and technology as controls or safeguards to protect the information and systems

Many security professionals understand technological means of protection

Many underestimate the value of policy

Deterring Unethical and Illegal Behavior (Continued)

Three general categories of unethical behavior that organizations and society should seek to eliminate:

Ignorance Accident Intent

Deterrence is the best method for preventing an illegal or unethical activity

Example: laws, policies, and technical controls

Deterring Unethical and Illegal Behavior (Continued)

Generally agreed that laws, policies and their associated penalties only deter if three conditions are present:

Fear of penalty Probability of being caught Probability of penalty being administered

Organizational Liability And The Need For Counsel

What if an organization does not support or even encourage strong ethical conduct on the part of its employees? What if an organization does not behave ethically?

If an employee, acting with or without authorization, performs an illegal or unethical act causing some degree of harm, organization can be held financially liable Organization increases its liability if it refuses to take measuresdue careto make sure that every employee knows what is acceptable and what is not, and the consequences of illegal or unethical actions Due diligence requires that an organization make a valid and ongoing effort to protect others

Association of Computing Machinery

ACM is a respected professional society, originally established in 1947 as the world's first educational and scientific computing society

One of few organizations that strongly promotes education and provides discounted membership for students

ACMs code of ethics requires members to perform their duties in a manner befitting an ethical computing professional

International Information Systems Security Certification Consortium, Inc.

(ISC)2

Manages a body of knowledge on information security Administers and evaluates examinations for information security certifications Code of ethics is primarily designed for information security professionals who have earned one of their certifications

International Information Systems Security Certification Consortium, Inc. (Continued)

(ISC)2 code of ethics includes four mandatory canons:

Protect society, commonwealth, and infrastructure Act honorably, honestly, justly, responsibly, and legally Provide diligent and competent service to principals Advance and protect the profession