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    Unit 1

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    andi.hrmnt
    The telephone network is characterized as reliable, dependable, and providing good quality connections. It achieves this through good planning, design, implementation, and operation/management of the network. The network has a hierarchy of switches organized in a class system. Primary and secondary routes are programmed for automatic routing. Operations systems monitor network parameters and ensure quality of service by identifying and removing trunks that do not meet standards.

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    Unit 1

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    andi.hrmnt
    92 views15 pages
    The telephone network is characterized as reliable, dependable, and providing good quality connections. It achieves this through good planning, design, implementation, and operation/management of the network. The network has a hierarchy of switches organized in a class system. Primary and secondary routes are programmed for automatic routing. Operations systems monitor network parameters and ensure quality of service by identifying and removing trunks that do not meet standards.

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    Network Management part 1

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    The telephone network is characterized as reliable, dependable, and providing good quality connections. It achieves this through good planning, design, implementation, and operation/management of the network. The network has a hierarchy of switches organized in a class system. Primary and secondary routes are programmed for automatic routing. Operations systems monitor network parameters and ensure quality of service by identifying and removing trunks that do not meet standards.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    92 views15 pages

    Unit 1

    Uploaded by

    andi.hrmnt
    The telephone network is characterized as reliable, dependable, and providing good quality connections. It achieves this through good planning, design, implementation, and operation/management of the network. The network has a hierarchy of switches organized in a class system. Primary and secondary routes are programmed for automatic routing. Operations systems monitor network parameters and ensure quality of service by identifying and removing trunks that do not meet standards.

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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 15

    Telephone Network

    Characteristics: Reliable - does what is expected of it Dependable - always there when you need it (remember 911?) Good quality (connection) - hearing each other well Reasons: Good planning, design, and implementation Good operation and management of network

    Regional Center Class 1 switch

    Regional Center Class 1 switch

    To other Regional centers Sectional centers Primary centers Toll centers End offices To other Primary centers Toll centers End offices To other Class 4 toll points End offices

    Sectional Center Class 2 switch

    Sectional Center Class 2 switch

    Primary Center Class 3 switch

    Primary Center Class 3 switch

    Toll Center Class 4 switch

    Toll Center Class 4 switch

    End Office Class 5 switch

    End Office Class 5 switch Legend: Loop Direct T runk Toll-Connecting Trunk

    Voice

    Voice

    Toll Trunk

    Figu re 1.1 Te le ph one Ne two rk M od e l

    Notice the hierarchy of switches Primary and secondary routes programmed Automatic routing Where is the most likely failure? Use of Operations Systems to ensure QoS

    Operations Systems / NOC


    Monitor telephone network parameters S/N ratio, transmission loss, call blockage, etc. Real-time management of network Trunk (logical entity between switches) maintenance system measures loss and S/N. Trunks not meeting QoS are removed before customer notices poor quality Traffic measurement systems measure call blockage. Additional switch planned to keep the call blockage below acceptable level Operations systems are distributed at central offices Network management done centrally from Network Operations Center (NOC)

    Data and Telecommunication Network


    Data communication network Terminal Terminal Host

    Modem

    Modem

    Modem

    Loop

    Loop

    Loop

    Voice

    Voice

    Telecommunication network

    Figur e 1.3 Data and Te le communicatio n Ne tworks

    Computer data is carried over long distance by telephone (telecommunication network) Output of telephone is analog and output of computers is digital Modem is used to modulate and demodulate computer data to analog format and back Clear distinction between the two networks is getting fuzzier with modern multimedia networks

    Architecture, Protocols and Standards

    Communication architecture Modeling of communication systems, comprising functional components and operations interfaces between them Communication protocols Operational procedures intra- and inter-modules Communication standards Agreement between manufacturers on protocols of communication equipment on physical characteristics and operational procedures

    User A Peer-Protocol Interface Application Layers Transport Layers

    User Z

    Application Layers Transport Layers

    Physical Medium (a) Dire ct Communicatio n be twe e n End Syste ms System A Intermediate system System Z

    User A Peer-Protocol Interface Application Layers Transport Layer Transport Layers Conversion Physical Medium Physical Medium

    User Z

    Application Layers

    Transport Layers

    (b ) Communicatio n be twe e n End Syste ms v ia an Inte rme diate Syste m

    Figur e 1.11 Basic Communication Arch ite ctur e

    Inter-layer interface: user and service provider Peer-layer protocol interface Analogy of hearing-impaired student Role of intermediate systems Gateway: Router with protocol conversion as gateway to an autonomous network or subnet

    OSI Reference Model


    User / Application program Layer 7 Layer 6 Layer 5 Layer 4 Layer 3 Layer 2 Layer 1 Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data link Physical

    Physical medium

    Figur e 1.12 OSI Pr oto col Laye rs

    Importance of the knowledge of layer structure in NM

    Application Protocols
    OSI User Internet User VT FTAM MOTIS CMIP Presentation Layer SNMP Transport Layer SMTP FTP TELNET Terminal Application File Transfer Mail / Message Transfer Management Application

    Figur e 1.19 Application Sp e cific Protoco ls in ISO and Inte rne t M ode ls

    Internet user Telnet


    File Transfer Protocol

    OSI user Virtual Terminal


    File Transfer Access & Mgmt

    Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

    Message-oriented Text Interchange Standard

    Simple Network Common Management Management Protocol Information Protocol

    NM Case Histories
    The case of the Footprint Case of the crashing bridge
    R epeater R epeater Bridge R epeater R epeater

    ISP
    Backup Serv er Mail Serv er

    (a) M ulti-Se gme nt Bus LAN with Single Por t Bridge Conn e ctio n

    R epeater

    R epeater Bridge

    R epeater

    R epeater

    ISP
    Backup Serv er Mail Serv er

    (b ) Dual M ulti-Se gme nt Bus LANs with Two -por t Bridge Conn e ctio n

    Backup Serv er

    Mail Serv er

    H ub

    H ub Bridge

    H ub

    ISP
    (c) M ulti-Se gme nt Hub Co nfigur ation Figur e 1.20 Case History 2: Ne twork Co nfigur ation Ev olution

    Common Network Problems


    Loss of connectivity Duplicate IP address Intermittent problems Network configuration issues Non-problems Performance problems

    Challenges of IT Managers
    Reliability Non-real time problems Rapid technological advance Managing client/server environment Scalability Troubleshooting tools and systems Trouble prediction Standardization of operations - NMS helps Centralized management vs sneaker-net

    Network Management
    Network Management Network Provisioning Planning Design Network Operations Fault Management / Service Restoration Configuration Management Performance Management / T raffic Management Network Installation Security Management Network Repairs Accounting Management Reports Management Inventory Management Data Gathering & Analyses Facilities Installation & Maintenance Routine Tests Network Network Maintenance Fault Management Trouble Ticket Administration

    Figure 1.21 Network Management Functional Groupings

    OAM&P Operations Administration Maintenance Provisioning

    NM Functional Flow Chart


    Network Users

    Management Decision New Technology

    Configuration Data TT Restoration

    Performance & Traffic Data

    Engineering Group - Netw ork Planning & Design

    Operations Group NOC - Netw ork Operations

    I & M Group -Netw ork Installation & Maintenance

    Fault TT

    Installation

    Figure 1.22. Ne twork M anage me nt Functional Flow Chart

    NM Components
    NMS

    Network Agent

    Network Agent

    Network Objects

    Network Objects

    Figure 1.24 Ne twork M anage me nt Compone nts

    Status and Future Trends

    Status: SNMP management Limited CMIP management Operations systems Polled systems Future trends: Object-oriented approach Service and policy management Business management Web-based management

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