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    Human Excreta

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    Mayom Mabuong
    This document discusses human excreta and household wastewaters. It defines excreta as human feces and urine, which can be managed through direct disposal, treatment and reuse, or pretreatment prior to use. Graywater is other wastewater from human activities like washing and bathing. The document outlines options for managing human excreta like dry collection, latrines, semi-wet systems, and wet systems. It also discusses the potential for human excreta to be used as a resource due to its nutrient content, as well as the risks if not properly managed.

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    Human Excreta

    Uploaded by

    Mayom Mabuong
    190 views12 pages
    This document discusses human excreta and household wastewaters. It defines excreta as human feces and urine, which can be managed through direct disposal, treatment and reuse, or pretreatment prior to use. Graywater is other wastewater from human activities like washing and bathing. The document outlines options for managing human excreta like dry collection, latrines, semi-wet systems, and wet systems. It also discusses the potential for human excreta to be used as a resource due to its nutrient content, as well as the risks if not properly managed.

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    This document discusses human excreta and household wastewaters. It defines excreta as human feces and urine, which can be managed through direct disposal, treatment and reuse, or pretreatment prior to use. Graywater is other wastewater from human activities like washing and bathing. The document outlines options for managing human excreta like dry collection, latrines, semi-wet systems, and wet systems. It also discusses the potential for human excreta to be used as a resource due to its nutrient content, as well as the risks if not properly managed.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    190 views12 pages

    Human Excreta

    Uploaded by

    Mayom Mabuong
    This document discusses human excreta and household wastewaters. It defines excreta as human feces and urine, which can be managed through direct disposal, treatment and reuse, or pretreatment prior to use. Graywater is other wastewater from human activities like washing and bathing. The document outlines options for managing human excreta like dry collection, latrines, semi-wet systems, and wet systems. It also discusses the potential for human excreta to be used as a resource due to its nutrient content, as well as the risks if not properly managed.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    Excreta and Household Wastewaters - Introduction

    Margaret Katusiime Semakula

    Household Human Wastes and Wastewaters

    Excreta and Graywater Definitions & Properties


    Excreta: Human feces and urine Managed in different ways:
    Direct disposal on land or in water Direct use as fertilizer, soil conditioner and for aquaculture Pre-treatment prior to use Dilution with water to convey (sewage) for disposal or use Direct use of untreated (raw) sewage Treatment and discharge to land or water Treatment and reuse (agriculture, aquaculture, horticulture, industrial and civil use

    Graywater: Other wastewater from human activity


    Not directly from human fecs and urine Wastewater from washing, bathing, etc Contains human wastes and exudates

    Managing Human Excreta - Options


    Dry Collection: Open defecation Collect in a container
    e.g., chamber pot

    Discharge to the environment w/ or w/o Rx Latrines several kinds Treat or dispose of or both Separate feces and urine; Then, treat/store, use, dispose to the environment

    Managing Human Excreta - Options


    Semi-wet (or semi-dry) Use some water Pour-flush toilets and other low water use systems

    Managing Human Excreta - Options


    Wet Systems
    On-site Septic Systems Other On-site systems
    Soak pits

    Sewerage Sewage treatment systems

    Human Excreta Resource or Risk?


    Human excreta as a potential resource

    Contains nutrients (N, P, K, and organic matter) Nutrients and organic matter are: Detrimental in water, esp. surface water Eutrophication, anoxia, fish kills Beneficial on land Fertilizer, soil conditioner, land stabilizer Widely used as a fertilizer and soil amendment in both developed and developing countries Potential for excreta misuse and environmental pollution is great without proper attention to management plans and human behavior considerations

    Nitrogen (N) Phosphorous (P) Potassium Organic matter (as BOD)

    4.5 0.6 1.0 35

    Annual Amounts/Person, Kg

    Nutrient Content of Human Excreta


    Rich source of inorganic plant nutrients: N, P K and organic matter Daily human excretion: ~30 g of C (90 g of organic matter), ~ 10-12 g N, ~ 2 g of P and 3 g of K. Most organic matter in feces most N and P (70-80 %) in urine. K equally distributed between urine and feces.

    Composition of Household Waste and Wastewater


    20

    14.1 12.3

    5.3 K
    P
    0

    3.6

    Organics
    kg COD/ (Personyear) 1.0

    N 0.8

    Nutrient content
    0

    kg N,P,K / (Personyear) 500 l 50 l


    source: Otterpohl

    Volume
    Liter / (Personyear)

    greywater

    urine

    faeces

    Characteristics of Human Wastes


    fraction 1. feces characteristic
    hygienically critical (high risk) consists of organics, nutrients and trace elements improves soil quality and increase its water retention capacity

    2. urine

    3. greywater

    less hygienically critical (less risk) contains the largest proportion of nutrients available to plants may contain hormones or medical residues of no major (or less) hygienic concern/risk volumetrically the largest portion of wastewater contains almost no (or less) nutrients (simpler treatment) may contain spent washing powders etc.

    Fertilizer Potential of Human Excreta


    Fertilizer Equivalence of Yearly per Capita Excreted Nutrients and Fertiliser Requirements for Producing 250 kg of Cereals 6
    5
    Nutrient (kg)

    4 3 2 1 0 N N P P K K

    cereal requirements faeces

    source: Drangert, 1998

    urine

    Options for Excreta and Greywater Utilization

    substances

    urine (yellowwater)

    faeces (brownwater)

    greywater (shower, washing, etc.)

    treatment

    hygienisation by storage or drying

    anaerobic digestion, drying, composting

    constructed wetlands, gardening, wastewater ponds, biol. treatment, membranetechnology

    utilisation

    liquid or dry fertiliser

    biogas, soil improvement

    irrigation, groundwaterrecharge or direct reuse

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