Human Health and Diseases

HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASES
What is Health?
Health is not just the absence of disease. It is a state of physical, mental and psychological and social well- being.
Health is affected by genetic disorders, infections and life style etc. Health is maintained by balanced diet, personal hygine, regular exercise and some times yoga.
Disease The term disease is used to indicate the malfunction of the body or body parts The malfunctions are characterized by the signs and symptoms. Diseases can be broadly classified into infectious and non-infectious diseases.
Two Disease Categories

Infectious Disease Noninfectious Disease
What is Infectious Disease?

Diseases which are easily transmitted from one person to another are called infectious diseases. Some of the infectious disease like AIDS is fatal.
What is Noninfectious Disease?

Diseases which are not transmitted from one person to another are called non-infectious diseases. Among these, cancer is more fatal and is the major cause of death.
What is a Pathogen?
The disease causing organisms are called pathogens. The pathogens which cause diseases in man are bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans, helminthes etc. The pathogens can enter the body and multiply and interfere with vital activities. Most of the pathogens have adaptations to live in the host body. Ascaris lumbricoids commonly known as round worms live in the intestine of humans; have some parasitic adaptation such as thick cuticle to prevent the enzymatic activity of the host.
BACTERIAL DISEASES
Include ; Typhoid, Pneumonia, Dysentery, Plague, Diphtheria etc.
TYPHOID
Typhoid fever It is a disease of alimentary canal caused by the bacterium called Salmonella typhi. The bacterium enters the body through contaminated food and water and immigrates to other organs through blood. Common symptoms of typhoid include sustained fever (39-400C), weakness, stomach pain, constipation, headache, loss of appetite etc. In severe case death may occur due to intestinal perforations.
Salmonella typhi
typhoid
TYPHOID MARY
Mary Mallon nicknamed Typhoid Mary was a cook and was a typhoid carrier . She continued to spread typhoid for several years through the food she prepared.
Widal test It is an antigen- antibody reaction test used for the diagnosis of typhoid fever.
What is Pneumonia?
It is a lung disease caused by bacteria called Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. In this infection, the alveoli get filled with fluid leading to serious respiratory problems. Fever, chills, cough and headache are the symptoms. In extreme cases, the lips and finger nails turn blue. Transmission occurs through the droplets of infected persons. It may also get transmitted by sharing of utensils with an infected person.
Pneumonia
HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE
What are Some Examples OF VIRAL Diseases?
Common cold It is a common viral disease of nose and respiratory passage, caused by Rhino viruses. Nasal congestion and discharge, sore throat, cough, headache, tiredness etc. which usually last for 3-7 days are the symptoms. Transmission occurs through the droplets resulting from cough or sneeze of infected person or through the contaminated objects like pens, books, cups, keyboards etc.
RHINO VIRUS
CHICKEN POX- VIRAL DISEASE
MEASLES-
VIRAL DISEASE
PROTOZOAN DISEASES
Include malaria, amoebiasis etc
Malaria
It is a protozoan disease caused by different species of plasmodium such as Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium falciparum. Of these malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum is the most dangerous and even fatal.
Life cycle of plasmodium vivax
Life cycle
Plasmodium is a digenetic parasite which requires two hosts for the completion of its life. Man is the primary host and Anopheles mosquito is the secondary host or vector. Plasmodium enters the body as sporozoites (infectious form) through the bite of infected anopheles mosquito. Sporozoites undergo multiplication in the liver cells and then attack the RBC resulting in their rupture. The rupture of RBC is associated with the release of toxic substance known as haemozoin, which is responsible for chill and recurrent fever every 3-4 days.
When an infected mosquito bites an infected person, these parasites enter the body of mosquito for further development. The parasites undergo multiplication within the body of mosquito and form sporozoites that are stored in the salivary glands. When these mosquitoes bite a healthy person, the sporozoites are introduced into his body and the above cycle is repeated.
Amoebiasis by Entamoeba histolytica
AMOEBIASIS
It is a protozoan disease of large intestine caused by Entamoeba histolytica It is also known as amoebic dysentery. It is transmitted through contaminated food and water by faecal matters or it is associated with unhygienic condition. House flies play a vital role in the transmission of amoebiasis. Symptoms include abdominal pain and cramps, stools with excess mucous and blood coats.
HELMINTH DISEASE ASCARIASIS
HELMINTH DISEASES
Include ascariasis, filariasis etc. Ascariasis It is also called worm trouble caused by helminth parasite known as Ascaris lumbricoides. Transmission of this occurs through contaminated food and water. Symptoms include internal bleeding, muscular pain, fever, anaemia and blockage of intestinal passage. Ascaris is a monogenetic parasite. The eggs of the parasite reach along with the faeces of infected person.
ELEPHANTIASIS
Elephantiasis
It is also called filariasis caused by a helminth known as Wucheraria bancrofti. Usually it affects the lymphatic vessels and causes their inflammation. The affected parts are limbs, genital organs, mammary glands etc. When it affects the lymphatic vessels or lower limbs, resulting in the enlargement of limb and is called elephantiasis. Wucheraria is a digenetic parasite. Man is the primary host and female mosquito belonging to Culex is the vector. Transmission occurs when an infected mosquito bites a healthy person.
WUCHERARIA BANCROFTI
CULEX MOSQUITO
Diseases caused by fungi

Many fungi belong to the genera Microsporam, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton are responsible for ring worm. The main symptoms include dry scaly lesions on the skin, nails and scalp Usually scaly lesions are associated with itching. Heat and moister in the skin folds such as those in the groin, between toes etc. help the fungi to grow. Transmission mainly occurs by using the clothes, comb etc. of infected persons.
MICROSPORUM
MICROSPORUM CULTURE
Microsporum infection
Trichophyton
trichophyton infection
epidermophyton
PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
water-borne disease like typhoid, For amoebiasis etc. Practice personal hygienic measures such as,
keep the body clean
Drink clean water
Eat fresh food
Do proper Public hygienic measures such as Proper disposal of waste and excreta
Periodically clean and disinfect water reservoirs, pool, tank etc.
1. For water-borne disease like typhoid, amoebiasis etc. Practice personal hygienic measures such as, Keeping the body clean Consumption of clean drinking water Eating fresh food and Public hygienic measures such as Proper disposal of waste and excreta Periodic cleaning and disinfection of water reservoirs, pool, tank etc.
2.For air-borne diseases like common cold, pneumonia
Avoid close contact with infected persons Avoid the use of belongings of the infected persons.
3. For vectors borne diseases like malaria
Control and eliminate the vectors and their breeding places.
Introducing larvivorous fishes like Gambusia in ponds that feed on the larva of mosquito.
Avoid stagnation of water around the residential area.
Spraying of insecticides in ditches, drainage areas etc.
Protection from mosquito bite. Use mosquito nets in the doors and windows to prevent the entry of mosquito. It is very important in the light of recently wide spread diseases like dengue fever, chikungunya etc.
3. For vectors borne diseases like malaria

Control and eliminate the vectors and their breeding places. Introducing larvivorous fishes like Gambusia in ponds that feed on the larva of mosquito. Avoid stagnation of water around the residential area. Spraying of insecticides in ditches, drainage areas etc. Protection from mosquito bite. Use mosquito nets in the doors and windows to prevent the entry of mosquito. It is very important in the light of recently wide spread diseases like dengue fever, chikungunya etc.
KEEP YOUR BODY HEALTHY

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HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASES

Two Disease Categories

What is Infectious Disease?

What is Noninfectious Disease?

What are Some Examples OF VIRAL Diseases?

CHICKEN POX- VIRAL DISEASE

Life cycle of plasmodium vivax

Amoebiasis by Entamoeba histolytica

HELMINTH DISEASE ASCARIASIS

Diseases caused by fungi

PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES

keep the body clean

Drink clean water

Eat fresh food

Periodically clean and disinfect water reservoirs, pool, tank etc.

2.For air-borne diseases like common cold, pneumonia

3. For vectors borne diseases like malaria

Control and eliminate the vectors and their breeding places.

Avoid stagnation of water around the residential area.

Spraying of insecticides in ditches, drainage areas etc.

3. For vectors borne diseases like malaria

KEEP YOUR BODY HEALTHY

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