FIRE & EXPOLSION

HAZARD AND RISK

IN
WORK PLACE
TPgB GOH THEAN LAI
DEPUTY FIRE SUPERINTENDENT KETUA BAHAGIAN PENYIASATAN KEBAKARAN ZON PERAI

WHY MANAGE FIRE ???

MANAGEMENT SAFETY

CARE

ABOUT

YOUR

MANY PEOPLE ARE UNNECESSARILY INJURED BY FIRE AT WORK EACH YEAR THE LAW SPECIFICALLY REQUIRES EMPLOYERS TO TRAIN ITS STAFF IN FIRE SAFETY TO LIMIT DAMAGE TO COMPANY ASSET

THE LAW

LEGAL OBLIGATION
Occupational Safety & Health Act 1994

SEC 15(1)
EMPLOYERS OBLIGATION TO CONDUCT RISK ASSESSMENT OF HIS WORKPLACE.

SEC 15(2)(d)
ACCESS TO AND EGRESS FROM A PLACE OF WORK IS SAFE AND WITHOUT RISK

LEGAL OBLIGATION
Occupational Safety & Health ACt 1994

SEC 17(1) & (2)

GENERAL DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS & SELF EMPLOYED PERSONS TO PERSONS OTHER THAN THEIR EMPLOYEES

SEC 18(1) & (2) DUTIES OF OCCUPIERS OF A PLACE OF WORK TO PERSONS OTHER THAN HIS EMPLOYEES

NON- COMPLIANCE

SEC 19
A PERSON WHO CONTRAVENES THE PROVISIONS OF SEC 15, 16, 17, 18 SHALL BE GUILTY OF AN OFFENCE AND SHALL ON CONVICTION BE LIABLE TO A FINE NOT EXCEEDING FIFTY THOUSAND RINGGIT OR TO IMPRISONMENT FOR A TERM NOT EXCEEDING TWO YEARS OR TO BOTH.

FIRE SERVICE ACT & REGULATIONS 1988

SEC 27 SEC 36 REG. 1/2002

THERE MUST EXISTS ADEQUATE LIFE

SAFETY, FIRE PREVENTION, FIRE PROTECTION AND FIRE-FIGHTING FACILITIES

FIRE CERTIFICATE

FOR DESIGNATED

PREMISES

NON- COMPLIANCE

SEC 58
ANY PERSON GUILTY OF AN OFFENCE UNDER THIS ACT FOR WHICH NO PENALTY IS EXPRESSLY PROVIDED SHALL, ON CONVICTION, BE LIABLE TO A FINE NOT EXCEEDING FIVE THOUSAND RINGGIT OR TO IMPRISONMENT FOR A TERM NOT EXCEEDING THREE YEARS OR TO BOTH.

BUILDING REGULATION REQUIREMENT UNDER UBBL 1984

PROVISION FOR MEANS OF ESCAPE IN CASE OF FIRE

PROVISIONS FOR EARLY WARNING FIRE DETECTION, CONTROL & SUPPRESSION IN CASE OF FIRE

STRUCTURAL STABILITY

FIRE-RESISTANCE OF ELEMENTS AND STRUCTURE

BUILDING REGULATION REQUIREMENT UNDER UBBL 1984

COMPARTMENTATION TO INHIBIT FIRE SPREAD

REDUCTION OF SPREAD OF FLAME OVER SURFACES OF WALLS AND CEILINGS

SPACE SEPARATION BETWEEN BUILDINGS TO REDUCE THE RISK OF FIRE SPREAD

ACCESS FOR APPLIANCES AND ASSISTANCE TO THE FIRE BRIGADE

COMMON CAUSES OF FATAL FIRES

DELAYED AWARENESS OF FIRES; EXITS LOCKED, BARRED OR BLOCKED OCCUPANTS UNAWARE OF ALTERNATIVE ESCAPE ROUTES; ESCAPE ROUTES UNTENABLE DUE TO SMOKE LOGGING ESCAPE ROUTES INADEQUATE IN NUMBER, SIZE OR DESIGN;

COMMON CAUSES OF FATAL FIRES(cont)

OCCUPANTS UNABLE TO HELP ONESELF DELAY DEPARTURE OCCUPANTS WALKING INTO THE PATH OF

FIRE OR SMOKE
SUDDEN EXPLOSION OR TOXIC RELEASE INDIRECT

OR SECONDARY ATTRIBUTED TO FIRE

CAUSES

LEARNING FROM EXPERIENCE

FIRE STATISTICS
JABATAN BOMBA DAN PENYELAMAT MALAYSIA NEGERI PULAU PINANG YEAR CASES

LOSSES (RM)
66,158,099.80 72,834,029.00 33,176,924.00

AMOUNT SAVE (RM) 3,688,105,608.00 1,573,892,217.14 1,808,261,105.58

2010

1,957 1,903 1,794

2011
2012

5,654 172,169,052.80 7,070,258,930.72

What is Fire?.....
A fire is a complex chain reaction where a

fuel hazard and a heat source hazard are permitted to come together in the presence of oxygen to generate heat, smoke, and light.
Byproducts: smoke, soot, ash, and new

chemicals formed in the reaction.

THERMAL RADIATION

Physical Causes Of Fire

An Act Of God or Providential Origin An Accidental Origin
An Incendiary Origin
ORIGIN OF FIRE

FIRE CHEMISTRY

FIRE TRIANGLE

FIRE TETRAHEDRON

HEAT SOURCE HAZARD

ENDOTHERMIC TYPE OF REACTION IN WHICH ENERGY IS ABSORBED WHEN THE REACTION TAKES PLACE EXOTHERMIC TYPE OF REACTION THAT WILL RELEASE OR GIVE OUT ENERGY

HEAT SOURCE HAZARD

OPEN FLAMES HOT SURFACE ELECTRIC ARCS & SPARKS STATIC ELECTRICITY MECHANICAL SPARKS LIGHTNING FRICTION CHEMICAL REACTIONS PRESSURE/COMPRESSION

FUEL SUPPLY HAZARD

WATER-REACTIVE MATERIALS REACT WITH WATER, OFTEN VIOLENTLY, TO RELEASE HEAT, A FLAMMABLE OR TOXIC GAS, OR A COMBINATION OF THE TWO e.g MAGNESIUM AIR-REACTIVE MATERIALS, SOME WILL IGNITE IN AIR e.g. POTASSIUM, WHITE PHOSPHOROUS MUST BE STORED UNDERWATER TO PREVENT ITS IGNITION OXIDIZERS(OXIDIZING AGENTS) PRESENT SPECIAL HAZARDS BECAUSE THEY REACT CHEMICALLY WITH A LARGE NUMBER OF COMBUSTIBLE ORGANIC MATERIALS e.g OILS, GREASES, SOLVENTS, PAPER CLOTH AND WOOD

FUEL SUPPLY HAZARD

ORDINARY COMBUSTIBLE SOLIDS FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS COMBUSTIBLE GASES COMBUSTIBLE DUSTS CHEMICALS PLASTICS METALS

PYROLYSIS
FLAMMABLE MIXTURE

O2

FUEL VAPOUR WOOD

IGNITION SOURCE

RADIATION FEEDBACK
EXPEDIATES PYROLISIS ACCELARATES FLAME GENERATION SELF REINFORCING

O2
FUEL VAPOUR

WOOD

CHAIN REACTION OF LIQUID FIRES

CHAIN REACTION RADIATION FEEDBACK CONTINUOUS REINGNITION

O2

IGNITION SOURCE

O2
OXYGEN DIFFUSION VAPOUR FLAMMABLE LIQUID LIQUID FUEL AMBIENT HEAT

AMBIENT HEAT

CHAIN REACTION OF GASEOUS FIRES

CHAIN REACTION RADIATION FEEDBACK CONTINUOUS REINGNITION

O2

IGNITION SOURCE

O2
OXYGEN DIFFUSION

GAS FUEL

GAS

IGNITION PROPERTIES
LIQUID COMMON IGNITABLE LIQUIDS HEAVY LIQUIDS (i.e OILS) SOLIDS NON-FRE RETARDANT PLASTICS WOOD-BASED PRODUCTS FIRE-RETARDANT SOLIDS
MATERIAL PLYWOOD PLYWOOD(FR) HARDBOARD FOAM,RIGID(2.54 CM) POLYSTYRENE POLYCARBONATE CARPET GYPSUM BOARD

-40 TO 400 C -40 TO 90 C 205 TO 320 C 270 TO 450 C 270 TO 360 C 330 TO 375 C 400 C 0R MORE

IGNITION POINT 360 620 400 435 630 528 465 565

SOURCES AND SCENARIOS

Phases of Fire Development

FIRE DEVELOPMENT F L A S H O V E R
INCIPIENT GROWTH FULLY DEVELOPED FULLY DEVELOPED FIRE

H E A T

DECAY

TIME

Incipient Phase

When a fire ignites as a small fire. The earliest of the four phases of a fire. During this phase, the products of combustion may be minimal.

Incipient Phase
The changes in the surrounding atmosphere maybe difficult to observe (only some smoke, no detectable flame), and the amount of heat generated will not significantly affect the surrounding area. The incipient phase can last a few moments (i.e., ignition of a combustible liquid), hours, or even days (i.e., the exothermic reaction seen in spontaneous combustion).

Growth Phase
Gases from pyrolyzation are produced at an increasing rate. Gases at upper compartment level heats up through radiation and convection. Air flow in and out increases with the increase in fire size. Flame length from the base fire increases.

Growth Phase
Temperature of room increases.
Smoke layer descends as more fire gases are produced. The phase of fire development where the fire has moved from the point of origin and has begun to involve other fuels. Thermal layering take place (cooler air is pushed downward, hotter air rises).

Fully Developed Phase

Tongues of flame are seen in smoke layer temperature of room increased.
A fire is fully developed phase when a fire from a localized location changes to a total room involvement immediately upon a flashover. A fire is said to fuel-controlled when fuel source is the determining factor in the fire size.

Fully Developed Phase

A fire is to be ventilation-controlled when air flow is the determining factor in the fire size.
The Pulsation Cycle occurs when fire gas production is the point when the gases fill the volume of compartment blocking the inflow of air. Gas goes out and air flow goes in and the cycle repeats itself. This is ventilationcontrolled fire.

Decay Phase
When the combustible or air supply is used up, energy output is reduced and this is when the decay phase starts. Fuel source where all fuel source have been consumed.
Air supply where air flow to the enclosure is restricted.

COMMON FIRE GASES

Wood, Cotton, Paper And Newsprint Acetic Acid Carbon Dioxide Carbon Monoxide Formaldehyde Formic Acid Nitrogen Oxide Rubber Product Carbon Monoxide Hydrogen Chloride Hydrogen Sulphide Ammonia Sulphur Dioxide Hydrogen Cyanide Petroleum Products Acrolein Carbon Dioxide Carbon Monoxide Plastic Ammonia Aldehydes Carbon Dioxide Carbon Monoxide Cyanides Hydrogen Chloride Nitrogen Oxide Wool And Silk Hydrogen Cyanides Hydrogen Sulphide Sulphur Dioxide

Polyvinyl Chloride Carbon Dioxide Carbon Monoxide Hydrogen Chloride

FIRE TERMINOLOGY

FLASH POINT
IS MINIMUM FUEL TEMPERATURE AT WHICH ENOUGH VAPOURS ARE PRESENT ABOVE TO IGNITE OR FLASH BUT DOES NOT CONTINUE TO BURN

FIRE POINT
IS LOWEST FUEL TEMPERATURE AT WHICH FUEL PRODUCES VAPOUR THAT CAN SUSTAIN CONTINUOUS FLAME

EXPLOSIVE RANGE
IS RANGE OF CONCENTRATIONS OF THE MATERIALS IN THE AIR, WHICH PREMIT THE MATERIALS TO BURN

LOWER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT

IS LOWEST IGNITABLE CONCENTRATION OF A SUBSTANCE IN AIR

UPPER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT

IS HIGHEST PERCENTAGE OF SUBSTANCE IN AIR THAT WILL IGNITE A

FLASHOVER
Point between growth phase and fully developed phase All combustible materials in a room ignite at once. Temperatures can reach 1000F. Flashovers are deadly!

BACKDRAFT
Explosion that occurs when oxygen is suddenly admitted to a confined area that is very hot and filled with combustible vapors

B.L.E.V.E
Boiling Liquid, Expanding Vapor Explosion Occurs when a tank storing liquid fuel under pressure is heated excessively
Sequence: Tank is heated Internal pressure rises beyond ability to vent Tank fails catastrophically Liquid fuel at or above boiling point is released Liquid immediately turns into a rapidly expanding cloud of vapor Vapor ignites into a huge fireball

METHODS OF FIRE SPREAD

FIRE SPREAD MECHANISM

The transfer of energy in the form of heat by direct contact through the excitation of molecules and/or partivles driven by a temperature difference

CONDUCTION

FIRE SPREAD MECHANISM

Heat transfer by circulation within a medium such as a gas or a liquid

CONVECTION

FIRE SPREAD MECHANISM

Heat transfer by way of electromagnetic energy (wave)

RADIATION

FIRE SPREAD MECHANISM

DIRECT BURNING

Factors Affecting Fire Spread

Building design and structural condition. Surface spread of flame over finish & furnishes. Geometric Configuration and arrangement of building contents. Thermal conductivity of building contents (fire load). Availability of air supply surrounding the building contents (fire load). Sufficient balance between building contents and air flow that sustains combustion.

METHODS OF EXTINGUISHMENT

SMOTHERING
- Cut Oxygen Supply

STARVING
- Cut of fuel Supply, Close Valve, Removal Combustible materials

COOLING
Removal Heat. Water absorbs heat readily thus cooling the fuel

BREAKING CHEMICAL REACTION CHAIN

FIRE EXPLOSION

What is Explosion?.......
An explosion is a sudden, intense release

of energy that often produces a loud noise, high temperatures, and flying debris, and generates a pressure wave.
Primary Hazards: thermal radiation, overpressure, hazardous fragments (flying debris)

Smoke Gas Explosion

Fire gases escaping from the place of origin and collecting in other parts of building and by mixing with air forms an explosive mixture & explodes in contact with a heat source.

Overpressure
Overpressure also called a blast wave,

refers to the sudden onset of a pressure wave after an explosion.

Blast waves can damage buildings or even

knock them flatoften injuring or killing the people inside them.

The sudden change in pressure can also

affect pressure-sensitive organs like the ears and lungs

65

Overpressure Levels of Concern

LOC is a threshold level of pressure from a

blast wave, usually the pressure above which a hazard may exist. In a vapor cloud explosion scenario, three default LOC values:
Red: 8.0 psi (destruction of buildings); Orange: 3.5 psi (serious injury likely); and Yellow: 1.0 psi (shatters glass).

66

Hazardous Fragments
Hazardous fragments come from two

primary sources:
container fragments debris from the surrounding area.

If an explosion is likely to occur, first

responders must be aware of the possibility of hazardous fragments and take necessary precautions to shield responders and others from the potentially fatal fragments
67

Broad trends that responders should keep in mind

80% of fires that lead to container rupture result in

missiles (e.g., hazardous fragments); 80% of fragments from liquid petroleum gas (LPG) accidents travel less than 200 meters (660 feet); Spherical containers produce more missiles than cylindrical containers, spheres average 8.3 missiles and cylinders average less than 4 missiles; End tubes from cylindrical containers travel further than other types of fragments; Smaller vessels project fragments further than larger ones; Missiles tend to export fire with them;
68

Types of fire and explosion scenarios

The five types of fire and explosion

scenarios that are most frequently associated with chemical releases:

Jet Fires, Pool Fires, BLEVEs, Flammable Areas Vapor Cloud Explosions

69

Jet fires
Occurs when a flammable chemical is rapidly

released from an opening in a container and immediately catches on firemuch like the flame from a blowtorch.
Primary hazard: Thermal radiation.
Heat from the jet fire may weaken the tank

and cause it to fail completelyin which case, a BLEVE may occur.

70

BLEVEs (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion)

A common BLEVE scenario happens when a

container of liquefied gas is heated by fire, increasing the pressure within the container until the tank ruptures and fails.
. Example: Propane; Since the ambient

temperature is almost always significantly above propane's boiling point of -43.7 F, the tanks are highly pressurized.
71

Pool fire

Occurs when a flammable liquid forms a

puddle on the ground and catches on fire.

Thermal radiation is the primary hazard

associated with a pool fire.

72

Fireball.
If the chemical is above its boiling point when the

container fails, some or all of the liquid will flashboilthat is, instantaneously become a gas. If the chemical is flammable, a burning gas cloud called a fireball may occur if a significant amount of the chemical flash-boils.
When you model a BLEVE, the amount of chemical

in the fireball is 3 times the amount of chemical that flash boils. Any liquid that does not participate in the fireball will form a pool fire.
The primary hazard associated with a fireball is

thermal radiation.
73

Explosion and hazardous fragments.

In a BLEVE, a high-pressure explosion

typically causes the container to fragment. As the container breaks apart, it may strike objects in the surrounding area and create additional debris. The container fragments and other debrishazardous fragments are swept up in the explosion and rapidly propelled by the explosion over a wide area.
74

Flash Fires
When a flammable vapor cloud encounters an

ignition source, the cloud can catch fire and burn rapidly in what is called a flash fire.
Potential hazards associated : thermal

radiation, smoke, and toxic byproducts from the fire.

If the chemical vapor comes into contact with

an ignition source, it will burn only if its fuel-air concentration is between the LEL and the UEL
75

Vapor Cloud Explosions

When a flammable chemical is released into the

atmosphere, it forms a vapor cloud that will disperse as it travels downwind.

If the cloud encounters an ignition source, the parts of

the cloud where the concentration is within the flammable range (between the LEL and UEL) will burn.
The speed at which the flame front moves through the

cloud determines whether it is a deflagration or a detonation. In some situations, the cloud will burn so fast that it creates an explosive force (blast wave).
76

Vapor cloud explosions

The severity of a vapor cloud explosion

depends on the chemical, the cloud size at the time of ignition, the type of ignition, and the congestion level inside the cloud.
The primary hazards are overpressure and

hazardous fragments.

77

Deflagration And Detonation

The destructive blast force of a vapor cloud explosion depends in part on how quickly the explosion spreadsthat is, the rate at which its flame front travels. For most accidental explosions, the flame front will travel relatively slowly in what is called a deflagration. For example, a typical deflagration flame front (for hydrocarbon combustions) travels about 2.2 miles per hour, or 1 meter per second. For intentional explosions, the flame front travels rapidly in what is called a detonation. A typical detonation flame front (for hydrocarbon combustions) travels about 5,600 miles per hour, or 2,500 meters per second.

Deflagration Flame

Congestion & Confinement

78

Detonation

FIRE SAFETY IN THE WORK PLACE

FIRE SAFETY SCENARIO

NATION

ENVIRONMENT

FIRE EFFECT

WORKERS

OWNERS

 The principal aim of Fire Safety is to protect people

and property by reducing the incidence of fire and the effects of fire should it occur. This activity is supported by legislation, which sets standards for building design and management.
Primary considerations under this legislation

include the following. 1) Adequate means of escape in the event of a fire. 2) Physical controls to prevent the spread of fire and smoke. 3) Adequate warning and alarm systems should a fire occur. 4) Adequate means of tackling a fire.

GOOD HOUSEKEEPING AND PREVENTING FIRE

PREVENTIVE STRATEGY
C ONTROL

R EMOVE
I SOLATE E LIMINATE S UBSTITUTE

CONTROL STRATEGIES

PLANNED ACTION

TRAINED PERSONNEL

ADEQUATE FACILITIES
DYNAMIC TECHNIQUE

STRATEGIC SITING
MAINTAIN FIRE EQUIPMENTS

REGULAR EXERCISE

WORK STATION RESPONSE

R - Raise the alarm

A - Attack C - Call
E - Evacuate R - Roll call

the building

THE RESPONSE TO ANY EMERGENCY SHOULD BE DIRECTED TOWARDS:

SAVING LIFE;

CARING FOR THE INJURED;

PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT;

LIMITATION OF DAMAGE TO ASSET; DEFENCE OF THE CORPORATE IMAGE.

ESCAPE STRATEGIES

LOCKED YOUR CONFIDENTAL FILES/BRING IT OUT; SWITCH OFF ALL ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES CLOSED ALL GRILLS AND DOORS; LEAVE THE BUILDING IMMEDIATELY USING EXIST DOORS, LOBBY, PROTECTED STAIRCASE IN YOUR AREA; USE THE NEAREST EXIT

ESCAPE STRATEGIES
DO AND DONT:DO NOT USE LIFT. WALK IN-LINE; DO NOT PANIC AND STAY CALM; DO NOT RUN AND CUT QUE; ASSIST/AID WHO NEEDED;

ESCAPE STRATEGIES
DO AND DONT:ASSEMBLE IN THE DESIGNATED ASSEMBLY AREA

ACCORDINGLY TO YOUR GROUPS/FLOORS;

MAKE ATTENDENCE ROLL-CALL;
EVERY UNIT HEADS/FLOORS WARDEN MUST REPORT

TO CHIEF WARDEN ;
LET THE FIRE AND RESCUE DEPARTMENT KNOW IF ANY

OCCUPANT/STAFF TRAP;

EMERGENCY CALL

CALL 999 OR YOUR LOCAL FIRE STATION PHONE NUMBERS; GIVE INFORMATIONS AS FOLLOW:

TYPES OF INCIDENT/FIRE ; ADDRESS/LOCATION OF THE FIRE; CALLER NAME AND PHONE NUMBER

WORD OF CAUTION
IT IS IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER THAT THE FIRE & RESCUE DEPARTMENT, CANNOT RESPOND UNTIL YOU HAVE TAKEN SOME ACTION TO SAVE YOURSELF AND THAT ACTION MAY INCLUDE INSTALLING AN EARLY WARNING FIRE DETECTION SYSTEMS, A COMPREHENSIVE FIRE PROTECTION PLAN AND A PRE-PLANNED ESCAPE PATTERN.

WORDS OF WISDOM
FIRE
IN PEACE PREPARE FOR WAR, IN WAR PREPARE FOR PEACE
SMOKE KILL IN SECOND, SPREADS IN MINUTES FIRE

PLAN YOUR DRILL, DRILL YOUR PLAN GET EVERYBODY OUT AND STAY OUT GET THE FIRE & RESCUE SERVICE OUT

Q&A

THANK YOU
Bahagian Penyiasatan Kebakaran, Jabatan Bomba Dan Penyelamat Malaysia, Negeri Pulau Pinang, Jalan Perusahaan, 13600 Perai Email:- gohbomba@yahoo.com Office No:- 04-3978791 H/Phone No:- 012-2845213