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    Nickel and Other Super Alloys: TSUF 06 Materiales Aeronauticos

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    Fam Handm
    Nickel is an important alloy element, with much wider application than copper. The name 'nickel' is from the German for 'Old Nick's (the Devil's) copper. 43% of production used in stainless steels, 20% in non-ferrous alloys.

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    Nickel and Other Super Alloys: TSUF 06 Materiales Aeronauticos

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    Fam Handm
    87 views28 pages
    Nickel is an important alloy element, with much wider application than copper. The name 'nickel' is from the German for 'Old Nick's (the Devil's) copper. 43% of production used in stainless steels, 20% in non-ferrous alloys.

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    Ni Alloys1

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    Nickel is an important alloy element, with much wider application than copper. The name 'nickel' is from the German for 'Old Nick's (the Devil's) copper. 43% of production used in stainless steels, 20% in non-ferrous alloys.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    87 views28 pages

    Nickel and Other Super Alloys: TSUF 06 Materiales Aeronauticos

    Uploaded by

    Fam Handm
    Nickel is an important alloy element, with much wider application than copper. The name 'nickel' is from the German for 'Old Nick's (the Devil's) copper. 43% of production used in stainless steels, 20% in non-ferrous alloys.

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    Nickel and other super alloys

    TSUF 06 Materiales Aeronauticos

    S
    1

    Nickel

    S The name nickel is from the German for Old Nicks (the

    Devils) copper a derogatory term for the hard useless metal yielded by what was thought to be a copper-bearing ore
    S These days nickel is an important alloy element, with much

    wider application than copper

    Unusual properties

    S Nickel-iron with low expansion coefficient (Invar) S Nickel-chromium resistance heating elements S Shape memory alloys (Ni-Ti) S Alloys with soft magnetic properties S Superalloys for gas turbine engines and other high

    temperature uses
    3

    Nickel

    S fcc metal, no solid phase changes. S Grey colour S 43% of production used in stainless steels S 20% in non-ferrous alloys S Alloy steels, foundry products S Other uses S Chemicals, catalysts, ceramics, coinage, magnets

    Nickel alloys

    S About 60 alloys S Some with less than 50% nickel (or any other alloy element) S Single phase alloys (fcc)
    S

    Nickel has a high solubility of Cu, Cr, Mo, Fe, etc

    S Precipitation hardened alloys


    S

    With Al, Ti or Nb in above 0.5%

    S Dispersion strengthened alloys


    S

    Produced by powder metallurgy

    Alloy designations

    S The alloy names are based upon proprietary names, usually from

    Inco, Haynes, Krupp-VDM,


    S eg Alloy 625 was originally Inconel 625

    S UNS number is a 5-digit numbers preceded by N S eg Alloy 625 is UNS N06625 S ISO 9722 numbers are often (but not always) based upon the UNS

    numbers
    S eg UNS N06625 is ISO NW6625

    S DIN designations are descriptive (NiCr22Mo9Nb)


    6

    Properties

    S Corrosion resistance to neutral, acid, basic, oxidising or

    reducing environments
    S Piping, vessels for chemicals, seawater, etc

    S High temperature strength, corrosion and oxidation resistance S Up to 1200C S High cost S Nickel alloy weld overlays commonly used S Nickel alloys are excellent filler metals for dissimilar welds

    Metallurgy of nickel alloys

    S Alloys are mostly single phase fcc


    S Nickel has a wide range of solubility for other metals S Alloys contain Cu, Cr, Mo, Fe,

    S Age hardenable alloys contain aluminium, niobium and/or

    titanium
    S Dispersion-strengthened alloys contain 2% thoria (ThO2) and

    are made by powder metallurgy.


    8

    Commercially pure nickel

    S Nickel 200
    S Up to 0.15% C as impurity; graphitises at over 320C S Resists caustic soda & other alkalies

    S Nickel 201: 0.02% C maximum S Duranickel 301: Ni-4.4Al-0.6Ti


    S Age hardening gamma prime

    Applications of pure nickel

    S Caustic soda handling equipment

    Food processing
    S Laboratory crucibles

    S Chemical shipping drums


    S Electrical and electronics parts

    10

    Nickel-copper (Monel metal)

    S Probably the best corrosion resistance to a wide range of environments

    of any alloy
    S Monel 400: 70Ni-30Cu fcc alloy: Rm 480 to 1170 MPa
    S

    Cladding, vessels and piping for seawater, brackish water, chlorinated solvents, many acids and alkalies

    S Monel 405: 0.04% S - free machining


    S Monel K-500: 2.7% Al, 0.6% Ti: Rm 1100 to 1240 MPa
    S

    Age hardening - gamma prime phase

    S Steam turbine blades, etc


    11

    Nickel-chromium alloys

    S Over 50% Ni with >15% Cr, Mo, Fe, C, W S Single phase fcc, solid solution strengthened
    S Seamless transition to austenitic stainless steel

    S Wide range of temperatures (cryogenic to 1000C)


    S Acids, neutral and alkalies. Oxidising and reducing chemicals.

    12

    Examples of Ni-Cr alloys

    S Nichrome alloys
    S 80Ni-30Cr, 60Ni-16Cr-24Fe S Electrical resistors & heating elements

    S Inconel 600, 625, 671, 690


    S Eg Inconel 625: 61Ni-21Cr-9Mo-3.6Nb

    S Hastelloy C-4, C-276, G, G-3, N, S, W, X


    S Eg Hastelloy C-276: 59Ni-15.5Cr-16Mo-3.75W-5.5Fe

    13

    Nickel-iron-chromium alloys

    S Cross between austenitic stainless steel and nickel alloys S Incoloy 800: 32.5Ni-21Cr-46Fe S RA333: 45Ni-25Cr-18Fe-3Mo-3Co-3W
    S Excellent resistance to oxidation at high temperatures, S Good resistance to corrosion in acids and salts, but not halides

    14

    Fabrication of Ni alloys

    S Casting is difficult, but castings are produced S Forming (hot & cold) is similar, but somewhat more difficult than

    austenitic stainless steels


    S Weldability is excellent for many types (better than austenitic stainless

    steel)
    S Heating operations are generally performed in controlled atmospheres

    to avoid intercrystalline embrittlement


    S Avoid contamination with S, P, Pb, Zn, Sn
    S

    Solidification or liquation cracking

    15

    Welding procedures

    S GTAW, GMAW, MMAW, SAW, PAW, OFW, RW, EBW, S Use matching or over-alloyed fillers S Keep arc energy low
    S

    Segregation can result in loss of corrosion performance

    S Preheat not required S Keep clean to avoid cracking S Remove slag to avoid corrosion attack at high temperatures

    Super alloys (high temperature)

    S
    17

    Super alloys

    S High temperature performance (strength) S Gas turbines, steam turbines, reciprocating engines S Hot working and casting tools and dies

    S Aircraft & space vehicles


    S Heat treatment trays, fixtures, conveyors S Nuclear and chemical industries
    18

    Alloy types
    S Selection depends on strength, creep & oxidation performance at the

    elevated temperature
    S Iron based alloys S Nickel based alloys

    S Cobalt based alloys


    S Refractory metals (niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, rhenium &

    tungsten)
    S Directionally solidified eutectics, single crystals, intermetallic

    compounds
    S Non-metals (graphite, ceramics)

    19

    Fabrication

    S Fabrication & machining of many super alloys is difficult S No hot or cold forming S Investment casting S Powder metallurgy S Electrochemical, electrodischarge or ultrasonic machining

    20

    Metallurgy of Fe, Ni & Co super alloys

    S Solid solution strengthened S Precipitation hardened S Oxide-dispersion strengthened

    21

    Cobalt-based alloys

    S Resistant to specific environments, eg engine combustion

    gases at high temperature


    S High strength
    S Ry up to 790 MPa & Rm up to 1170 MPa at room temperature
    S 1000 hour rupture strength at 815C up to 230 MPa

    22

    Typical cobalt-base alloys

    S 650C to 1150C S Haynes 25, 188 S Fasteners at 650C S UMCo-50, S-816

    S Wear alloys S Stellite 6B


    S fcc with some tendency to transform to cph S Carbides and intermetallic compounds
    23

    Nickel-based super alloys

    S Ni alloys have a better resistance to high temperatures and

    have a higher strength than stainless steels or cobalt alloys


    S Ry up to 1200 MPa & Rm up to 1450 MPa at room temp S 1000 hour rupture strength at 850C up to 450 MPa

    24

    Solid solution alloys

    S Inconels, Hastelloys, RA-333 used for furnace parts S Nimonic 75 for gas turbines

    25

    Precipitation hardened alloys

    S Aluminium and titanium, gamma prime or gamma double

    prime precipitates
    S Inconel X-750, Nimonic 80,

    S Aerospace applications
    S Gas turbine blades

    26

    Welding the PH Ni alloys

    S GTAW process only


    S To avoid burn-out of strengthening alloys in fillers

    S Cracking can be experienced


    S Anneal base material before welding
    S Stress relieve and age weldments S This also ensures welds have highest strength

    27

    References

    S Nickel development institute (NiDI) provides much free

    literature on nickel alloys and stainless steel


    S Nidi.org

    S Haynesintl.com
    S ASM Handbook Vol 3

    28

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