Corrections in America

An Introduction
Eleventh Edition

Allen, Latessa, Ponder and Simonsen

Chapter 10: State and Local Prison Systems

CORRECTIONS IN AMERICA An Introduction, 11/E by Allen, Latessa, Ponder and Simonsen

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Annual Costs Of Prisons

Other States

Federal Bureau of Prisons Cook County

New York City Phil. Prison System

13.5%

77%

16%

86%

3% 4%

CORRECTIONS IN AMERICA An Introduction, 11/E by Allen, Latessa, Ponder and Simonsen

$42,939,742,000.00

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Offenders
Over 1,410,000 adult
male prisoners In more than 1,600 adult state and local prisons in the nation (16%-State Prisons) 93% of all prison populations

CORRECTIONS IN AMERICA An Introduction, 11/E by Allen, Latessa, Ponder and Simonsen

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Pennsylvania
26 State Correctional Institutions 1 Motivational Boot Camp 13 Community Corrections Facilities 50 Private Community Corrections Facilities 15,000 employees 45,300 inmates 63 County Prisons http://www.cor.state.pa.us/portal/lib/county/c ountystatistics.pdf

CORRECTIONS IN AMERICA An Introduction, 11/E by Allen, Latessa, Ponder and Simonsen

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Classification
Process by which inmates are
assigned to appropriate security and treatment facilities in accordance with their characteristics and needs, which determines the institution to which an inmate will be assigned

CORRECTIONS IN AMERICA An Introduction, 11/E by Allen, Latessa, Ponder and Simonsen

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Classification: cont.
Some institutional needs
occasionally take precedence over an individuals needs Is an ongoing process that is reviewed as needed (reclassification)

CORRECTIONS IN AMERICA An Introduction, 11/E by Allen, Latessa, Ponder and Simonsen

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Sentenced Male Prisoners, 2003

Age Total White Black Hispanic

18-19
20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-54

26,300
219,400 245,300 238,200 228,200 197,900 190,800

7,500
63,800 68,700 77,500 82,700 78,500 80,200

13,100
104,100 116,700 106,500 99,200 83,900 78,600

5,100
48,500 57,300 51,000 41,000 30,400 26,600

55 or older

60,300
1,409,280

33,300
493,400

17,900
621,300

7,500
268,100

Total

CORRECTIONS IN AMERICA An Introduction, 11/E by Allen, Latessa, Ponder and Simonsen

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Male Incarceration Rates by Group (rate per 100,000)

3,405
3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0

1,231 465

White

Black

Hispanic

CORRECTIONS IN AMERICA An Introduction, 11/E by Allen, Latessa, Ponder and Simonsen

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Educational Attainment
70% had not
received a high school diploma or GED U.S population 36%

CORRECTIONS IN AMERICA An Introduction, 11/E by Allen, Latessa, Ponder and Simonsen

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Marital Status
At the time of the last national survey of
prisoners: About 1 in 6 was married (15%) 6 in 10 had never been married (60%) The others were separated, divorced, or widowed (25%)

CORRECTIONS IN AMERICA An Introduction, 11/E by Allen, Latessa, Ponder and Simonsen

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Drug Abuse
More than 8 in 10 inmates report they have used illegal

drugs in their lifetime Almost 1 in 3 report using those drugs at the time of their instant offense

CORRECTIONS IN AMERICA An Introduction, 11/E by Allen, Latessa, Ponder and Simonsen

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Alcohol Abuse
Is widespread

among male prisoners More than 8 in 10 reported they consumed alcohol 4 in 10 reported drinking at least a fifth of liquor in a single day (binge drinking)
CORRECTIONS IN AMERICA An Introduction, 11/E by Allen, Latessa, Ponder and Simonsen 12 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Alcohol Abuse: cont.

More than 3 in 10

report they were under the influence of alcohol at the time of their instant offense Most had participated in at least one alcohol/drug abuse program while under correctional supervision
CORRECTIONS IN AMERICA An Introduction, 11/E by Allen, Latessa, Ponder and Simonsen 13 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Criminal History
At the time of their current
offense, almost half of the male inmates in state prison had some prior criminal justice status:
1 in 4 was on parole 1 in 5 was on probation 1% had escaped from confinement

CORRECTIONS IN AMERICA An Introduction, 11/E by Allen, Latessa, Ponder and Simonsen 14 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Recidivism
The latest survey of state prisoners
found that: Almost half were violent recidivists Another 3 in 10 were non-violent recidivists Less than 1 in 4 had no previous sentence

CORRECTIONS IN AMERICA An Introduction, 11/E by Allen, Latessa, Ponder and Simonsen

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Prison Population Growth:

Building costs are high

Averaging $74,000 per bed Lower security units are less expensive (about $30,000/bed) Maximum security units are more expensive (about $80,000/bed) Per diem incarceration cost: $70/inmate (house, feed, control, and care for state inmates)
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CORRECTIONS IN AMERICA An Introduction, 11/E by Allen, Latessa, Ponder and Simonsen

Inmates By Security Level

(in percent)
Protective Maximum Close
7%

Medium
10%

Minimum

Other

12%

35%

36%
CORRECTIONS IN AMERICA An Introduction, 11/E by Allen, Latessa, Ponder and Simonsen 17 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

City Operated Prisons

Cook County
New York City Washington D.C. Philadelphia 110 adult prisons Over 30,000 adult offenders
CORRECTIONS IN AMERICA An Introduction, 11/E by Allen, Latessa, Ponder and Simonsen 18 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Military Prisoners
Approximately 2200 Total
Army 25.8% Air Force Coast Guard Navy Marine Corps

39%

0.3%

21.2% 19.7%

CORRECTIONS IN AMERICA An Introduction, 11/E by Allen, Latessa, Ponder and Simonsen

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Prisoners in the U.S. Territories

All five U.S. territories and
commonwealths reported prisoners in 2003 (16,494 inmates) The rate of incarceration per 100,000 adults in these jurisdictions was about the same as two-thirds of the mainland states Puerto Rico had the most prisoners (15,046)
CORRECTIONS IN AMERICA An Introduction, 11/E by Allen, Latessa, Ponder and Simonsen 20 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Cruel and Unusual Punishment

1970: state and federal courts
were asked to examine the operations and policies of correctional facilities to ensure compliance with the 8th Amendment

CORRECTIONS IN AMERICA An Introduction, 11/E by Allen, Latessa, Ponder and Simonsen

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Cruel and Unusual Punishment

By February 1983:

The entire prison system was declared unconstitutional in: Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Michigan (all the male institutions) At least one or more facilities in another 21 states were operating under a court order or consent decree
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CORRECTIONS IN AMERICA An Introduction, 11/E by Allen, Latessa, Ponder and Simonsen

Cruel and Unusual Punishment

Civil Rights Law of 1871
Provides citizens denied constitutional rights by the state may sue in the federal courts Designed to protect newly freed slaves 1964 Cooper v. Pate

Prisoners may seek relief in federal court

by way of the 1871 act.

CORRECTIONS IN AMERICA An Introduction, 11/E by Allen, Latessa, Ponder and Simonsen

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Security Threat Groups (STG)

Formerly known as prison
gangs, are two or more inmates acting together who pose a threat to the security and safety of staff/inmates, and/or are disruptive to programs and the orderly management of the facility

CORRECTIONS IN AMERICA An Introduction, 11/E by Allen, Latessa, Ponder and Simonsen

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Supermax Prisons
Free-standing facility
that provides for management and secure control of inmates officially designated as exhibiting violent or seriously aggressive behavior while incarcerated
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CORRECTIONS IN AMERICA An Introduction, 11/E by Allen, Latessa, Ponder and Simonsen

Supermax Prisoners
Violent, seriously
disruptive, assaultive, and escape-prone inmates Including gang activists Who pose immense challenges to prison security and custody
CORRECTIONS IN AMERICA An Introduction, 11/E by Allen, Latessa, Ponder and Simonsen 26 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Supermax Prisons
How are inmates selected? How do inmates earn release? Cost? Litigation

Sensory deprivation Classification Access to law libraries and attorneys Quality of mental health services Excessive use of force
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CORRECTIONS IN AMERICA An Introduction, 11/E by Allen, Latessa, Ponder and Simonsen

Training
High School Diploma or GED
No record of prior felony
conviction Minimum age of 21 Valid drivers license SCSC: 2006 764 Corrections Officer Trainee
CORRECTIONS IN AMERICA An Introduction, 11/E by Allen, Latessa, Ponder and Simonsen 28 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Summary
Most prison systems are overcrowded
Prisoners have multiple problems that
contributed to their incarceration Some prisoners are dangerous and disruptive Security must be tight for high-risk inmates (supermax prisons)

CORRECTIONS IN AMERICA An Introduction, 11/E by Allen, Latessa, Ponder and Simonsen

29 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458