INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR

Dr.Dasika.Chaitanya

NBA New Microfiber ball?

Better shooting/higher scores/improved player statistics.

Bron james/Jason kidd Refuted

By Marc Stein | ESPN.com , 2005

It might be the most stunning ball reversal in hoops history. Not even three months into the life of its controversial synthetic basketball, NBA commissioner David Stern moved Monday to hush scores of discontented players by shelving Spalding's new microfiber composite ball and authorizing a switch back to the old leather ball for all games starting Jan. 1. The move would appear to be an unprecedented in-season change, in terms of primary equipment, for North American major professional sports leagues. "Our players' response to this particular composite ball has been consistently negative and we are acting accordingly, " Stern said in a statement. "Although testing performed by Spalding and the NBA demonstrated that the new composite basketball was more consistent than leather and statistically there has been an improvement in shooting, scoring and ball-related turnovers, the most important statistic is the view of our players.

BUT???!!!

Strens Lessons
Dealing

with people involved in decision making- their refusal Involving people Gaining acceptance Accepting the faults- if at all they exist !!

Blunders in International Business

Author

David A. Ricks quotes In 1997, Nike recalled its Nike Air shoes with a flame logo by some accounts, the company recalled as many as 800,000 shoes globally?

Because the symbol also resembled Arabic script for Allah.

PUMA
Just

last year, PUMA launched a new shoe design in the United Arab Emirates featuring the countrys flag colors. Emirati citizens resented this marketing attempt to place a respected symbol on an item that is considered very dirty in Arab culture. Other markets that consider shoes unclean have presented similar challenges.

JASMINE _BRAZIL ???

Any

GUEss work!!!

Questions to consider
What

challenges do managers and employees face in the workplace of the 21st century? What is organizational behavior? How does knowing about organizational behavior make work and life more understandable?

TATA

TATA s Success MANTRA

500

employees 600 guests residing in hotel+ 500 in banquets Terror strikes Mumbai -26 /11 How many of the staff members fled? Tier II cities Hire for attitude Training Recognition

What do these Brands mean to you

What

are the similarities between them OCB-Organizational Citizenship behavior Employer Commitment Employee friendly culture Employee loyalty TQM

Organizational Behavior addressess

1. 2.

3.
4. 5. 6. 7.

Helps you to understand consistencies and Takes a contingency approach How should you Reward people-Evolution of revolution How to design jobs What are the ingredients of successful teams How to make people come together How to make win- win negotiations How to change the culture of organizations

Challenges 70s 90s 2010

70s 90s 2010

Job
Salary

Job
Salary + perks+ Computer+ promotions

Challenges faces by 21st century work places

Work

force diversity Organizational competitiveness Contingent work force Virtual work: swarming trends

TRENDS
Out

sourcing/in sourcing Off shoring Near shoring Right sourcing M&A s Stealth down sizing Non selective down sizing

Organizational Responses
Enhanced

transparency Simulation and experimentation Workers with more spontaneity Pattern sensitivity Hyper networking

LEARNING
Experimentation New Behavior/work ex

Initial Learning In class/cases/gro up Reflection Reading/di scussion/d ebates

Theory Building
EXPERIMENTATION

e.g., Selection Systems e.g., Groupthink e.g., Personality

Organizational Level Group Level Individual Level

APPLICATIONS
Behavioral FINANCE

Advertising Human Resource management

Consumer behavior
Media planning Marketing

Personality

What is Personality?
People differ from each other in meaningful ways

People seem to show some consistency in behavior

Personality is defined as distinctive and relatively enduring ways of thinking, feeling, and acting

Personality
Personality

refers to a persons unique and relatively stable pattern of thoughts, feelings, and actions Personality is an interaction between biology and environment
Genetic

studies suggest heritability of personality Other studies suggest learned components of personality

Four Theories of Personality

1. Trait 2. Psychoanalytic 3. Humanistic 4. Socio-Cognitive

The First Trait Theory

Moody Anxious Rigid Sober Pessimistic Reserved Unsociable Quiet

UNSTABLE
Touchy Restless Aggressive Excitable Changeable Impulsive Optimistic Active

Two

Factor Trait Theory of Personality

INTROVERTED
Passive Careful Thoughtful Peaceful Controlled Reliable Even-tempered Calm

EXTRAVERTED
Sociable Outgoing Talkative Responsive Easygoing Lively Carefree Leadership

STABLE

Personality Traits
Traits

are relatively stable and consistent personal characteristics Trait personality theories suggest that a person can be described on the basis of some number of personality traits
Allport

identified some 4,500 traits Cattel used factor analysis to identify 30-35 basic traits Eysenck argued there are 3 distinct traits in personality

Extraversion/introversion Neuroticism Psychotocism

Allport

Overview of the Big 5

Assessing Traits: An Example

Minnesota

Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests developed to identify emotional disorders

MMPI: examples
Nothing

in the newspaper interests me except the comics.

get angry sometimes.

Evaluating Trait Theory

Trait

theory, especially the Big 5 model, is able to describe personality

Cross-cultural

human studies find good agreement for the Big 5 model in many cultures Appear to be highly correlated not only in adulthood, but also in childhood and even late preschoolers Three dimensions (extraversion, neuroticism and agreeableness) have cross-species generality
Problems
Lack

with trait theory include:

of explanation as to WHY traits develop Issue of explaining transient versus long-lasting traits

Psychoanalytic Theory
Psychoanalytic

theory, as devised by Freud, attempts to explain personality on the basis of unconscious mental forces

Levels of consciousness: We are unaware of some aspects of our mental states Freud argued that personality is made up of multiple structures, some of which are unconscious Freud argued that as we have impulses that cause us anxiety; our personality develops defense mechanisms to protect against anxiety

Freudian Theory

Levels of consciousness

Structures of Personality

Conscious
What

Id
Operates

were aware of

Preconscious
Memories

etc. that Ego can be recalled Operates according Unconscious to the reality Wishes, feelings, principle impulses that lies beyond awareness Superego Contains values and ideals

according to the pleasure principle

Freudian Theory

Anxiety occurs when:

Impulses from the id threaten to get out of control The ego perceives danger from the environment coping strategies defense mechanisms

The ego deals with the problem through:

Defense Mechanisms
Defense

mechanisms refer to unconscious mental processes that protect the conscious person from developing anxiety
Sublimation:

person channels energy from unacceptable impulses to create socially acceptable accomplishments Denial: person refuses to recognize reality Projection: person attributes their own unacceptable impulses to others Repression: anxiety-evoking thoughts are pushed into the unconscious

Defense Mechanisms

Rationalization: Substituting socially acceptable reasons Intellectualization: Ignoring the emotional aspects of a painful experience by focusing on abstract thoughts, words, or ideas Reaction formation: Refusing to acknowledge unacceptable urges, thoughts or feelings by exaggerating the opposite state Regression: Responding to a threatening situation in a way appropriate to an earlier age or level of development Displacement: Substituting a less threatening object for the original object of impulse

Assessing the Unconscious

Projective

Tests

used to assess personality (e.g., Rorschach or TAT tests) How? provides ambiguous stimuli and subject projects his or her motives into the ambiguous stimuli

Assessing the Unconscious -Rorschach

Rorschach

Inkblot Test

the most widely used projective test a set of 10 inkblots designed by Hermann Rorschach

Rorschach

Assessing the Unconscious-Rorschach

used to identify peoples inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

Psychoanalytic Neo-Freudian

Alfred Adler

Humans are motivated by social interest Takes social context into account First Born
Privileged In

until Dethroned

Second Born
shadow of 1st Born inferiority, restlessness dependent

Youngest
Pampered,

Only Child
Higher

intellect, timid, passive, & withdrawn

Psychoanalytic Neo-Freudian

Carl Jung
A

collective unconscious is represented by universal archetypes Two forms of unconscious mind

Personal

person Collective unconscious: consists of primitive images and ideas that are universal for humans

unconscious: unique for each

Humanistic Theory
Humanistic

personality theories reject psychoanalytic notions

Humanistic theories view each person as basically good and that people are striving for self-fulfillment Humanistic theory argues that people carry a perception of themselves and of the world The goal for a humanist is to develop/promote a positive self-concept

Humanistic Perspectives

Carl Rogers

We have needs for:

Self-consistency

perceptions Congruence (consistency between self-perceptions and experience)

(absence of conflict between self-

Inconsistency evokes anxiety and threat People with low self-esteem generally have poor congruence between their self-concepts and life experiences.

 Abraham

Maslow emphasized the basic goodness of human nature and a natural tendency toward self-actualization.

Humanistic Perspectives

Locus of Control (Rotter)

Internal locus of control

Life outcomes are under personal control Positively correlated with self-esteem Internals use more problem-focused coping Luck, chance, and powerful others control behavior

External locus of control

Personality

People differ from each other in meaningful ways

What is Personality?

People seem to show some consistency in behavior

Personality is defined as distinctive and relatively enduring ways of thinking, feeling, and acting

Personality
Personality

refers to a persons unique and relatively stable pattern of thoughts, feelings, and actions Personality is an interaction between biology and environment
Genetic

studies suggest heritability of personality Other studies suggest learned components of personality

Four Theories of Personality

1. Trait 2. Psychoanalytic 3. Humanistic 4. Socio-Cognitive

The First Trait Theory

Moody Anxious Rigid Sober Pessimistic Reserved Unsociable Quiet

UNSTABLE

Touchy Restless Aggressive Excitable Changeable Impulsive Optimistic Active melancholic choleric

Two

Factor Trait Theory of Personality

INTROVERTED

EXTRAVERTED

phlegmatic sanguine Passive Sociable Careful Outgoing Thoughtful Talkative Peaceful Responsive Controlled Easygoing Reliable Lively Carefree Even-tempered Leadership Calm

STABLE

Personality Traits
Traits

are relatively stable and consistent personal characteristics Trait personality theories suggest that a person can be described on the basis of some number of personality traits
Allport

identified some 4,500 traits Cattel used factor analysis to identify 30-35 basic traits Eysenck argued there are 3 distinct traits in personality

Extraversion/introversion Neuroticism Psychotocism

Allport

Overview of the Big 5

Assessing Traits: An Example

Minnesota

Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests developed to identify emotional disorders

MMPI: examples
Nothing

in the newspaper interests me except the comics.

get angry sometimes.

Evaluating Trait Theory

Trait

theory, especially the Big 5 model, is able to describe personality

Cross-cultural

human studies find good agreement for the Big 5 model in many cultures Appear to be highly correlated not only in adulthood, but also in childhood and even late preschoolers Three dimensions (extraversion, neuroticism and agreeableness) have cross-species generality
Problems
Lack

with trait theory include:

of explanation as to WHY traits develop Issue of explaining transient versus long-lasting traits

Psychoanalytic Theory
Psychoanalytic

theory, as devised by Freud, attempts to explain personality on the basis of unconscious mental forces

Levels of consciousness: We are unaware of some aspects of our mental states Freud argued that personality is made up of multiple structures, some of which are unconscious Freud argued that as we have impulses that cause us anxiety; our personality develops defense mechanisms to protect against anxiety

Freudian Theory

Levels of consciousness

Structures of Personality

Conscious
What

Id
Operates

were aware of

Preconscious
Memories

etc. that Ego can be recalled Operates according Unconscious to the reality Wishes, feelings, principle impulses that lies beyond awareness Superego Contains values and ideals

according to the pleasure principle

Freudian Theory

Anxiety occurs when:

Impulses from the id threaten to get out of control The ego perceives danger from the environment coping strategies defense mechanisms

The ego deals with the problem through:

Defense Mechanisms
Defense

mechanisms refer to unconscious mental processes that protect the conscious person from developing anxiety
Sublimation:

person channels energy from unacceptable impulses to create socially acceptable accomplishments Denial: person refuses to recognize reality Projection: person attributes their own unacceptable impulses to others Repression: anxiety-evoking thoughts are pushed into the unconscious

Defense Mechanisms
Rationalization:

Substituting socially acceptable reasons Intellectualization: Ignoring the emotional aspects of a painful experience by focusing on abstract thoughts, words, or ideas Reaction formation: Refusing to acknowledge unacceptable urges, thoughts or feelings by exaggerating the opposite state Regression: Responding to a threatening situation in a way appropriate to an earlier age or level of development

Assessing the Unconscious

Projective

Tests

used to assess personality (e.g., Rorschach or TAT tests) How? provides ambiguous stimuli and subject projects his or her motives into the ambiguous stimuli

Assessing the Unconscious - Rorschach

Rorschach

Inkblot Test

the most widely used projective test a set of 10 inkblots designed by Hermann Rorschach

Rorschach

Assessing the Unconscious-Rorschach

used to identify peoples inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

Psychoanalytic Neo-Freudian

Alfred Adler

Humans are motivated by social interest Takes social context into account First Born
Privileged In

until Dethroned

Second Born
shadow of 1st Born inferiority, restlessness dependent

Youngest
Pampered,

Only Child
Higher

intellect, timid, passive, & withdrawn

Psychoanalytic Neo-Freudian

Carl Jung
A

collective unconscious is represented by universal archetypes Two forms of unconscious mind

Personal

unconscious: unique for each person Collective unconscious: consists of

Humanistic Theory
Humanistic

personality theories reject psychoanalytic notions

Humanistic

theories view each person as basically good and that people are striving for self-fulfillment Humanistic theory argues that people carry a perception of themselves and of the world The goal for a humanist is to develop/promote a positive selfconcept

Humanistic Perspectives

Carl Rogers
We

have needs for:

(absence of conflict between self-

Self-consistency

perceptions Congruence (consistency between self-perceptions and experience)

Inconsistency

evokes anxiety and threat People with low self-esteem generally have poor congruence between their selfconcepts and life experiences.

 Abraham

Maslow emphasized the basic goodness of human nature and a natural tendency toward self-actualization.

Humanistic Perspectives

Locus of Control (Rotter)

Internal locus of control

Life outcomes are under personal control Positively correlated with self-esteem Internals use more problem-focused coping Luck, chance, and powerful others control behavior

External locus of control

Attitudes and Behavior

Factors

that moderate the attitudebehavior link:

Strength of attitude Specificity of attitude Self-focus Self-monitoring

Attitude

Action

Cognitive Dissonance
A

state of psychological tension that is aroused when a person simultaneously holds two thoughts that contradict one another.

Theory of Cognitive Dissonance

Inconsistency between thoughts

Experience cognitive dissonance Attempt to reduce dissonance Change attitude

Three Dissonance-Arousing Conditions

1.

Attitude-behavior inconsistency
Leads to change in attitude

2.

Exerting wasted effort

Leads to effort justification

3.

Making a difficult decision

Leads to post-decisional dissonance

Two Perspectives on SelfPersuasion

1.

Cognitive Dissonance Theory (Festinger) inconsistency between thoughts leads to unpleasant tension (dissonance), which motivates people to reduce dissonance by changing thoughts.

Two Perspectives on SelfPersuasion

2.

Self-Perception Theory (Bem) people form and modify their attitudes by observing their own behavior.

Implications
Behavior

Attitude change Use of cognitive dissonance to promote healthy behavior.