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    Chapter 12 - Nucleus

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    Sherena Peter Govind
    The document discusses the properties of the atomic nucleus including proton number, nucleon number, isotopes and binding energy. It defines key terms and provides examples of calculating binding energy and mass defect. A graph shows binding energy per nucleon is greatest for mid-sized nuclei like nickel-62.

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    Chapter 12 - Nucleus

    Uploaded by

    Sherena Peter Govind
    1K views23 pages
    The document discusses the properties of the atomic nucleus including proton number, nucleon number, isotopes and binding energy. It defines key terms and provides examples of calculating binding energy and mass defect. A graph shows binding energy per nucleon is greatest for mid-sized nuclei like nickel-62.

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    Nucleus

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    Chapter 12 - Nucleus.ppt

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    The document discusses the properties of the atomic nucleus including proton number, nucleon number, isotopes and binding energy. It defines key terms and provides examples of calculating binding energy and mass defect. A graph shows binding energy per nucleon is greatest for mid-sized nuclei like nickel-62.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    1K views23 pages

    Chapter 12 - Nucleus

    Uploaded by

    Sherena Peter Govind
    The document discusses the properties of the atomic nucleus including proton number, nucleon number, isotopes and binding energy. It defines key terms and provides examples of calculating binding energy and mass defect. A graph shows binding energy per nucleon is greatest for mid-sized nuclei like nickel-62.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
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    At a glance
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    The key takeaways are that the nucleus contains protons and neutrons, and that binding energy is released when nuclei fuse together due to the mass defect.

    A nucleus is made up of protons and neutrons. Protons are positively charged while neutrons are neutrally charged. The nucleus is very small, around 10-15 m in diameter.

    Proton number is the number of protons in the nucleus. Nucleon number is the total number of protons and neutrons. Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

    1

    12.1 Properties of nucleus


    12.2 Binding energy and mass defect.
    Chapter 12 : NUCLEUS
    is defined as the
    central core of an
    atom that is
    positively charged
    and contains
    protons and
    neutrons.
    (2 HOURS)
    12.1 Properties of nucleus (1/2 Hour)
    At the end of this topic, students should be
    able to:
    State the properties of proton and neutron
    Define
    Proton number
    Nucleon number
    Isotopes
    Use to represent a nuclide

    2
    3
    12.1 Properties of nucleus
    A nucleus of an atom is made up of protons and
    neutrons that is also known as nucleons.
    A nucleus
    ~10
    -15
    m
    4
    12.1 Properties of nucleus
    Properties of proton and neutron.
    particle mass (kg) charge (C )
    Proton,p +1.60 x 10
    -19

    Neutron,n (0) neutral
    1.672 x 10
    -27

    1.675 x 10
    -27

    5
    Proton number
    defined as the number of protons in the nucleus.
    also called as atomic number, Z.
    Nucleon number
    defined as the total number of neutrons and
    protons in the nucleus.
    also called as atomic mass number, A.
    Isotopes
    defined as the atoms of the
    same element whose nuclei
    contain the same number of
    protons (Z) but different
    number of neutrons (N).
    hidrogen
    deuterium
    tritium
    6
    The atomic nucleus can be represented as
    X
    A
    Z
    where
    X = symbol for the element
    Z = atomic number (number of protons)
    A = atomic mass number
    = total number of protons and neutrons
    Example :
    Fe
    56
    26
    Iron-56
    26 protons
    56 26 = 30 neutrons
    A - Z = N
    7
    Element
    nuclide
    Number of
    protons
    Number of
    neutrons
    Number of
    electrons
    8 8 8
    H
    1
    1
    N
    14
    7
    Na
    23
    11
    Co
    59
    27
    Be
    9
    4
    O
    16
    8
    S
    31
    16
    Cs
    133
    55
    U
    238
    92
    Example 12.1
    Complete the table below:
    12.2 Binding energy and mass
    defect (1 1/2 Hours)
    At the end of this topic, students should be
    able to:
    Define and determine mass defect
    Define and determine binding energy,

    Identify the average value of binding
    energy per nucleon of stable nuclei from
    the graph of binding energy per nucleon
    against nucleon number.

    8
    9
    12.2 Binding energy and mass defect
    defined as the energy required to
    separate a nucleus into its individual
    protons and neutrons without providing
    them with kinetic energy.
    Binding energy,E
    An alternate interpretation of the binding
    energy is the energy released (emitted)
    when the nucleus is formed from its
    individual nucleons.
    10
    p
    n
    n
    p
    p
    p n
    n
    + 28.30 MeV
    To form a nucleus energy is released
    p
    p n
    n
    + 28.30 MeV
    p
    n
    n
    p
    To separate a nucleus energy is required
    12.2 Binding energy and mass defect
    11
    12.2 Binding energy and mass defect
    Mass defect m
    defined as the difference between the sum of
    the masses of individual nucleons that form
    an atomic nucleus and the mass of the
    nucleus.
    ( )
    A n p
    M Nm Zm m + =
    proton a of mass :
    p
    m
    nucleus a of mass =
    A
    M
    neutron a of mass :
    n
    m
    neutrons of number
    protons of number
    =
    =
    N
    Z
    12
    The relationship between the binding energy
    and mass defect is given by
    2
    mc E A =
    binding energy
    mass defect
    speed of light
    2
    mc E A =
    2
    c
    E
    m = A
    in joule
    12.2 Binding energy and mass defect
    In nuclear physics, mass is measured in unified
    atomic mass unit (u).
    2
    1
    c
    MeV 931.5
    u =
    13
    kg 10 1.66
    931.5MeV

    27 -
    2
    = =
    c
    u 1
    ( )
    ( )
    kg 10 x 1.656
    3x10
    10 x 1.6 x10 931.5

    MeV 931.5
    u
    27 -
    8
    19 - 6
    =
    =
    =
    2
    2
    1
    c
    J 10 x 1.6 eV 1
    -19
    =
    12.2 Binding energy and mass defect
    ( ) | |
    ( ) | |
    u
    931.5MeV
    A n p B
    A n p B
    M Nm Zm E
    c M Nm Zm E
    + =
    + =
    2
    14
    ) number( Nucleon
    ) ( energy Binding
    nucleon per energy Binding
    A
    E
    B
    =
    The mean (average) binding energy of a nucleus is
    callled binding energy per nucleon.
    12.2 Binding energy and mass defect
    2
    mc E A =
    A
    mc
    2
    A
    = nucleon per energy Binding
    15
    Example 12.2
    a) Calculate the binding energy of the deuterium.

    Given
    u 1.008665 mass
    u 1.007276 mass
    u 2.013553 mass
    1
    0
    1
    1
    =
    = =
    =
    n
    p H
    H
    1
    1
    2
    1
    ( )
    ( ) ( ) | |
    kg 10 x 3.96
    ) 10 x .66 0.002388(1
    u 0.002388
    2.013553 1.008665 1 1.007276 1

    30 -
    27 -
    =
    =
    =
    + =
    + =
    A n p
    M Nm Zm m
    16
    ( )( )
    MeV 2.23
    J 3.57x10
    3x10 3.96x10
    13
    2
    8 30
    =
    =
    =
    A =

    E
    E
    E
    mc E
    2
    ( ) | |
    ( ) ( ) | |
    MeV 2.22
    MeV 931.5 2.013553 1.008665 1 1.007276 1
    u
    MeV 931.5
    =
    + =
    + =
    B
    B
    A n p B
    E
    E
    M Nm Zm E
    or
    17
    b) The binding energy of the neon is
    160.647 MeV. Find its atomic mass.

    Given
    u 1.008665 mass
    u 1.007825 mass
    1
    0
    =
    =
    n
    p
    1
    1
    Ne
    20
    10
    19.992 u
    18
    Example 12.3
    Calculate the average binding energy per
    nucleon of the iron-56 .

    Given
    ( ) Fe
    56
    26
    u 1.00867 mass
    u 1.00782 mass
    u 55.93494 mass
    1
    0
    1
    1
    =
    = =
    =
    n
    p H
    Fe
    1
    1
    56
    26
    ( )
    ( ) ( ) | |
    kg 10 x 8.77
    ) 10 x 66 0.52848(1.
    u 0.52848
    55.93494 1.00867 30 1.00782 26

    28 -
    27 -
    =
    =
    =
    + =
    + =
    A n p
    M Nm Zm m
    19
    ( )( )
    J/nucleon x10 1.41
    56
    10 x 3 10 x 8.77

    nucleon per energy Binding
    12 -
    2
    8 28 -
    =
    =
    A
    =
    A
    mc
    2
    or
    E = 8.81 MeV/nucleon
    20
    Exercise
    Determine the total binding energy and the
    binding energy per nucleon for the nitrogen -14
    nucleus .
    Given
    ( ) N
    14
    7
    u 1.008665 mass
    u 1.007825 mass
    u 14.003074 mass
    1
    0
    1
    1
    =
    = =
    =
    n
    p H
    N
    1
    1
    14
    7
    104.6 MeV,7.47 MeV/nucleon
    21
    Mass number A
    B
    i
    n
    d
    i
    n
    g

    e
    n
    e
    r
    g
    y

    p
    e
    r

    n
    u
    c
    l
    e
    o
    n

    (
    M
    e
    V
    /
    n
    u
    c
    l
    e
    o
    n
    )

    Greatest stability
    Binding energy per nucleon as
    a function of mass number,A
    22
    The binding energy per nucleon is a measure of
    stability of the nucleus.
    The greater the binding energy per nucleon, the
    more stable the nucleus is.
    For light nuclei, the value of E
    B
    /A rises rapidly
    from 1 MeV/nucleon to 8 MeV/nucleon with
    increasing mass number A.
    From the graph:
    For the nuclei with A between 50 and 80, the
    value of E
    B
    /A ranges between 8.0 and 8.9
    Mev/nucleon. The nuclei in these range are
    very stable.
    The nuclide has the largest binding
    energy per nucleon (8.7945 MeV/nucleon).
    Ni
    62
    28
    23
    For heavy nuclei with A between 200 to 240,
    the binding energy is between 7.5 and 8.0
    MeV/nucleon.These nuclei are unstable and
    radioactive.
    For nuclei with A > 62, the values of E
    B
    /A
    decreases slowly, indicating that the nucleons
    are on average, less tightly bound.
    Hidrogen with one proton has no
    binding energy per nucleon.

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