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Relational Data Model: Relation

The relational data model represents data as tables with rows and columns. Data is organized into relations (tables) with attributes (columns) and tuples (rows). Relationships between tables are represented by common attribute values. The model includes components for data structure, manipulation with SQL, and integrity constraints to maintain accuracy. Key concepts include relations, attributes, domains, tuples, keys, and referential integrity rules.

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89 views10 pages

Relational Data Model: Relation

The relational data model represents data as tables with rows and columns. Data is organized into relations (tables) with attributes (columns) and tuples (rows). Relationships between tables are represented by common attribute values. The model includes components for data structure, manipulation with SQL, and integrity constraints to maintain accuracy. Key concepts include relations, attributes, domains, tuples, keys, and referential integrity rules.

Uploaded by

khansaf
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Relational Data Model

• The relational data model represents data in the form of


tables where the relation is
• “a named two-dimensional table of data”. The relational
data model can be defined as
• “a model that represent data as collection of tables in
which all data relationships are represented by common
values in related tables”
• Relational data model consists of the following three
components

PRESENTED BY S. HAYAT 1
Relational Data Model

• Data Structure: Data are organized in the form of tables


with rows and columns.
• Data manipulation: powerful operation (using SQL) are
used to maintain data stored in the relation.
• Data integrity: facilities are included to specify business
rules that maintain the integrity of data when they are
manipulated.

PRESENTED BY S. HAYAT 2
Relational Data Model

• Environment of relational data model: the following


terminology is used in relational data model environment
• Relation: “a named two dimensional table of data”.
OR “relation is a table with columns and rows”.
• Attribute: an attribute is a named column of a relation”
• Domain: “ a domain is a set of allowable values for one or
more attributes”
• Tuple: “A tuple is a row of a relation”.
• Degree: the degree of a relation is the number of attributes
it contains.

PRESENTED BY S. HAYAT 3
Relational Data Model

• Cardinality: the cardinality of a relation is the number of


tuples it contains.
• Alternative terminology:

Alternative terminology for relational model terms

Formal term Alternative 1 Alternative 2

Relation Table File

Tuple Row Record

Attribute Column Field

PRESENTED BY S. HAYAT 4
Relational Data Model

• Properties of a relation: A relation has the following


properties
– The relation has a name that is distinct from all other
relation names in the relational schema.
– Each cell of the relation contains exactly one
atomic(single) value.
– Each attribute has a distinct name.
– The values of an attribute are all from the same domain
– Each tuple is distinct; there are no duplicate tuples.
– The order of attributes has no significance.
– The order of tuples has no significance.
PRESENTED BY S. HAYAT 5
Relational Data Model

• Relational keys.
• Superkey
• Primary key
• Composite key
• Foreign key ( discussed in previous week)
• Integrity constraints: the relational data model includes
several types of constraints or business rules whose
purpose is to facilitate maintaining the accuracy and
integrity of data in the database. The following are the
major types of integrity constraints

PRESENTED BY S. HAYAT 6
Relational Data Model

• Domain Constraints: All of the values that appear in a


column of a relation must be taken from the same domain.
A domain is a set of values that may be assigned to an
attribute.
• Entity Integrity: The entity integrity rule is designed to
ensure that every relation has a primary key, and that the
data values for that primary key are valid. In particular, it
guarantees that every primary key attribute is non-null.
• Null: a value that may be assigned to an attribute when no
other value applies or when the applicable value is
unknown.

PRESENTED BY S. HAYAT 7
Relational Data Model

• Referential Integrity – rule that states that any foreign


key value (on the relation of the many side) MUST match
a primary key value in the relation of the one side. (Or
the foreign key can be null)
– For example: Delete Rules
• Restrict – don’t allow delete of “parent” side if related
rows exist in “dependent” side
• Cascade – automatically delete “dependent” side rows
that correspond with the “parent” side row to be deleted
• Set-to-Null – set the foreign key in the dependent side to
null if deleting from the parent side  not allowed for
weak entities

PRESENTED BY S. HAYAT 8
Relational Data Model
Referential integrity constraints (Pine Valley Furniture)

Referential integrity
constraints are drawn via
arrows from dependent
to parent table

PRESENTED BY S. HAYAT 9
Relational Data Model

• Enterprise constraints: additional rules specified by the


users or database administrators of a database.

• View: the dynamic result of one or more relational


operations operating on the base relations to produce
another relation. A view is a virtual relation that does not
necessarily exist in the database but can be produced upon
request by a particular user, at the time of request.
• Base relation: a named relation corresponding to an entity
in the conceptual schema whose tuples are physically
stored in the database.

PRESENTED BY S. HAYAT 10

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