ELECTRICAL WIRING DESIGN AND COMPUTATION

ELECTRICAL DESIGN GUIDELINES

Listing of power demands

 Service connection

 Electrical Distribution architecture

 Protection against electric shocks

TN networks In a TN earthing system, one of the points in the generator or transformer is connected with earth, usually the star point in a threephase system. The body of the electrical device is connected with earth via this earth connection at the transformer.

IT network In an IT network, the electrical distribution system has no connection to earth at all, or it has only a high impedance connection. In such systems, an insulation monitoring device is used to monitor the impedance.

TT network In a TT earthing system, the protective earth connection of the consumer is provided by a local connection to earth, independent of any earth connection at the generator.

 Circuits and switchgear

 Protection against overvoltages

Overvoltage (in a system) any voltage between one phase conductor and earth or between phase conductors having a peak value exceeding the corresponding peak of the highest voltage for equipment.

 Energy efficiency in electrical distribution

 Reactive energy
Reactive power is simply this: when a coil or capacitor is connected to an AC power supply, the coil or capacitor stores electrical energy during one-fourth of an AC cycle. But then during the next quarter-cycle, the coil or capacitor dumps all the stored energy back into the distant AC power supply. Ideal coils and capacitors consume no electrical energy, yet they create a significant electric current. This is very different from a resistor which genuinely consumes electrical energy, and where the electrical energy flows continously in one direction; moving from source to load.

 Harmonics
Harmonics are electric voltages and currents that appear on the electric power system as a result of non-linear electric loads. Harmonic frequencies in the power grid are a frequent cause of power quality problems. Harmonic components should be reduced as much as possible.

In addition to the increased line current, different pieces of electrical equipment can suffer effects from harmonics on the power system.

 Particular supply sources and loads

Alternator Inverters Induction motors LV/LV transformers

 A green and economical energy

Green power is electricity that is generated from resources such as solar, wind, geothermal, biomass, and low-impact hydro facilities. Conventional electricity generation, based on the combustion of fossil fuels, is the nation's single largest industrial source of air pollution. The increasing availability of green power enables electricity customers to accelerate installation of renewable energy technologies. As more green power sources are developed displacing conventional generation the overall environmental impacts associated with electricity generation will be significantly reduced.

 Generic applications
Electricity and Magnetism Electromagnetic Spectrum Lightning protection Electric Motors Transformers Electric Shock Household Circuits

Design rules of the electrical installation protection system To protect an electrical installation in a building, simple rules apply for the choice of SPD(s); its protection system. For a power distribution system, the main characteristics used to define the lightning protection system and select a SPD to protect an electrical installation in a building are: SPD - quantity of SPD; - type; - level of exposure to define the SPD's maximum discharge current Imax. Short circuit protection device - maximum discharge current Imax; - short-circuit current Isc at the point of installation.

1. Critical nets must not cross a split in the adjacent reference plane. 2. Critical nets must not change reference planes. 3. Critical nets may not be within a specified distance of the edge of their reference plane. 4. Critical nets may not be routed within a specified distance from an I/O net. 5. All critical nets must be buried between solid planes. The allowable length of the exposed portion of a critical net may be specified. 6. All critical nets must have a "ground-guard" trace on either side of the critical net. 7. All differential critical nets must have a "ground-guard" trace on either side of the differential pair of nets. 8. All differential critical nets must be routed within a specified distance of each other, and the length of the differential pair of nets must match within a specified amount. 9. All power and ground traces longer than a specified distance must be wider than another specified distance. This does not include grounded guard traces. 10. Decoupling capacitors must be placed between all adjacent plane pairs within a specified grid density. 11. A decoupling capacitor must be connected between the power and groundreference planes and be placed within a specified distance from each IC power pin. 12. The trace connecting between the IC power and/or ground reference pin to the associated via to the power/ground-reference plane must be no longer than the specified distance. 13. The trace connecting between a decoupling capacitor to the associated via to the power/ground-reference plane must be no longer than the specified distance. 14. All power and ground-reference traces longer than a specified length must have a decoupling capacitor within a specified distance from the IC power pin. 15. All I/O filters must be placed within a specified distance from the I/O connector. 16. All oscillators must be placed within a specified distance from the clock driver (or other device) that they drive.

EMC Guidelines
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) is the branch of electrical sciences which studies the unintentional generation, propagation and reception of electromagnetic energy with reference to the unwanted effects (Electromagnetic interference, or EMI) that such energy may induce. EMC aims to ensure that equipment items or systems will not interfere with or prevent each other's correct operation through spurious emission and absorption of EMI. EMC is sometimes referred to as EMI Control, and in practice EMC and EMI are frequently referred to as a combined term "EMC/EMI".

 Ecodial software
Ecodial is low voltage electrical installation design software developed by Schneider Electric. It actually calculates LV electrical networks and helps you to choose the right equipment and to optimize your electrical installation.

You select quickly and easily an LV network made with a single branch at three levels. You customise the few input parameters to meet your requirements. You let the power engine calculate for you in compliance with electrical standards. You visualise the discrimination limits of your protective device system by using versatile tripping-curve diagrams. You print out a comprehensive and clear report to prove your calculation

ELECTRICAL WIRING LEGEND or SYMBOLS

HOW TO APPLY FOR AN ELECRICAL PERMIT

Before starting any wiring installation in a building to be constructed, renovated, enlarged or remodeled, an Electrical Wiring Permit should first be secured by the Project Owner from the Office of the City or Municipal Electrician where the project is located. The application forms for a Wiring Permit obtained from the said office should be properly accomplished, signed and dry-sealed by the professional Electrical Engineer or the Master Electrician who prepared the plans showing the location of the projects, its lighting and power layouts, single-line diagram, load computations, design analysis, specifications and other important details required in electric plans.

APPLYNG FOR ELECTRIC METER BASE OR SOCKET FROM THE ELECTRIC COMPANY
With the approval of the Wiring Permit, wiring project can proceed. The project owner should also present the permit to the nearest utility company branch that supplies the electricity in the community and request for a watt-hour meter base os socket. The meter socket is the metal base on which the metering device and its transpaprent glass cover will be installed by the utility firm after the wiring and associated works shall have been completes and duly inspected and approved by the Office of the City or the Municipal Electrican.

APPLYING FOR ELECTRIC SERVICE CONNECTION FROM THE ELECTRIC COMPANY

When the wiring of the building is completed, the owner or his authorized representative should request the Office of the City for final inspection of the wiring done. If all works have been accomplished according to the approval plans, specifications and other requirements, said official will issue the Certificate of Inspection to the applicant.

To apply for connection of the projects service entrance wires to the secondary distribution lines of the company which supplies the electricity of the community, the building owner of his authorized representative should present the Certificate of Inspection to the power firm. The electric company would then send its technical personnel to inspect the service entrance installation. If its inspectors/engineers find the work to have met all its requirements, the crew men would be dispatched to install the watt-hour meter and connect its power lines to the building.

SERVICE ENTRANCE REQUIREMENTS

For the benefit of those who are engaged or will engage in planning, designing, supervising and implementing projects which require electrical connection within its franchise area, the Manila Electric Company (MERALCO), gives these guidelines: 1. 2. Your service entrance should be located at the point indicated by the MERALCO Engineer. Only copper conductor should be used for the service entrance wire, and the minimum size of entrance service wire shall be No. 12 AWG or bigger. The line side portion of the service entrance (from the entrance cap to the meter socket) should never be concealed or embedded except if the size of the service entrance wire No. 10 or bigger.

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Underground service entrance should first meet the approval of the company before the wiring installation started. The line side portion shall always be of rigid metallic electrical conduit. PVC conduit and BX cable are not allowed. Joint and splices inside conduit are not allowed. Lineside and loadside wires/conductors shall not be contained in the same conduit, junction box, accessoria box, wire gutter or wire trough. Service entrance conduit shall be properly strapped to the wall of the building or private pole. The drip loop wires protruding at the entrance cap for connection to the service wires shall not be shorter than 0.60 meter (2 feet).

10. The servie entrance cap shall be installed 0.91m (3 feet) away from open windows and close to the point of service drop attachment to the building. 11. No junction box or accessoria box shall be installed single metering installation. Standard coupling may be used. 12. Accessoria box, wire gutter or wire trough when installed at the line side portion of the service entrance should be sealable type. 13. Meter socket shall be installed facing the street in a clean place, free from vibration on the outside of a building or on a private pole within 1.60m to 2.15m from the ground 14. In the case of a single face, 3-wire, 115/230 volts service, the identified neutral conductor of the service entrance shall always be grounded on existing water system or its equivalent driven ground rod as required by the Philippine electrical code. 15. In the case of 3-phase, 3-wire service for the network areas using self-contained meters, an identified neutral conductor shall be provided in the service entrance up to the meter socket.