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    Chapter 1: Linear Equations in Linear Algebra

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    Nisrina Ulayya
    This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 1 of a linear algebra textbook, including: - Linear equations and systems of linear equations - The solution set of a linear system - Representing systems using matrix notation - Algorithmic procedures like Gaussian elimination for solving systems - Determining whether a system is consistent (has a solution) and unique or not - Geometric interpretations of the solution set in terms of graphs of the equations

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    Chapter 1: Linear Equations in Linear Algebra

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    Nisrina Ulayya
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    This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 1 of a linear algebra textbook, including: - Linear equations and systems of linear equations - The solution set of a linear system - Representing systems using matrix notation - Algorithmic procedures like Gaussian elimination for solving systems - Determining whether a system is consistent (has a solution) and unique or not - Geometric interpretations of the solution set in terms of graphs of the equations

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    This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 1 of a linear algebra textbook, including: - Linear equations and systems of linear equations - The solution set of a linear system - Representing systems using matrix notation - Algorithmic procedures like Gaussian elimination for solving systems - Determining whether a system is consistent (has a solution) and unique or not - Geometric interpretations of the solution set in terms of graphs of the equations

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    33 views18 pages

    Chapter 1: Linear Equations in Linear Algebra

    Uploaded by

    Nisrina Ulayya
    This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 1 of a linear algebra textbook, including: - Linear equations and systems of linear equations - The solution set of a linear system - Representing systems using matrix notation - Algorithmic procedures like Gaussian elimination for solving systems - Determining whether a system is consistent (has a solution) and unique or not - Geometric interpretations of the solution set in terms of graphs of the equations

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    Chapter 1: Linear Equations

    in Linear Algebra
    1.1 Systems of Linear Equations
    Linear Equation:





    System of linear equations: A collection
    of one or more linear equations involving
    the same variables

    14
    b x a x a x a
    n n
    = + + +
    2 2 1 1

    = + +
    =
    0
    5 17 2
    : Example
    3 2 1
    3 1
    x x x
    x x
    numbers complex or real are , , , where
    1
    b a a
    n

    5 2 : Example = x y
    Exercise: Determine if each of the following
    is a system of linear equations.

    = +
    =
    3 2 1
    3 1
    2
    0 5 7 2
    x x x
    x x

    =
    = +
    4 2
    4 2 2

    3 2 1
    2 1
    x x x
    x x
    Solution Set: The set of all possible
    solutions to a linear system.
    Two linear systems are called equivalent,
    if they have the same solution set.

    0 2
    3 2
    &
    0 4 2
    6 2 4

    2 1
    2 1
    2 1
    2 1

    =
    =

    = +
    =
    x x
    x x
    x x
    x x
    Definitions:
    Exercise: Are the following systems
    equivalent?

    Matrix Notation
    Any linear system can be written as a matrix
    which is a rectangular array with m rows and n
    columns.
    The size of a matrix is the number of rows and
    columns it possesses. We write the size as
    mxn.

    = + +
    =
    0
    5 17 2
    : Example
    3 2 1
    3 1
    x x x
    x x
    (


    0 1 1 1
    5 17 0 2
    For the linear system:

    The matrix is called the

    coefficient matrix and the matrix


    is called the augmented matrix.
    (


    0 1 1 1
    5 17 0 2
    (


    1 1 1
    17 0 2

    = + +
    =
    0
    5 17 2

    3 2 1
    3 1
    x x x
    x x
    Algorithmic Procedure for Solving a
    Linear System
    Basic idea: Replace one system with an
    equivalent system that is easier to solve.

    Example: Solve the following system:

    = +
    =
    0 4 2
    6 2 4
    2 1
    2 1
    x x
    x x

    = +
    =
    0 4 2
    6 2 4
    2 1
    2 1
    x x
    x x

    =
    =
    0 2
    3 2
    2 1
    2 1
    x x
    x x

    =
    =
    3 2
    0 2
    2 1
    2 1
    x x
    x x

    =
    =
    3 3
    0 2
    2
    2 1
    x
    x x

    =
    =
    1
    0 2
    2
    2 1
    x
    x x

    =
    =
    1
    2
    2
    1
    x
    x
    (


    0 4 2
    6 2 4
    (

    0 2 1
    3 1 2
    (

    3 1 2
    0 2 1
    (


    3 3 0
    0 2 1
    (


    1 1 0
    0 2 1
    (

    1 1 0
    2 0 1
    R1*(1/2) R1
    R2*(-1/2) R2
    R1 R2
    -2*R1+R2 R2
    R2*(1/3) R2
    2*R2+R1 R1
    / 2
    /(-2)
    *(-2)
    +)
    /3
    Elementary Row Operations
    (Replacement) Replace one row by
    the sum of itself and a multiple of
    another row.

    (Interchange) Interchange two rows.

    (Scaling) Multiply all entries in a row
    by a nonzero constant.
    Gauss-Jordan Elimination method:
    to solve a system of linear equations

    =
    = + +
    = + +
    5 2 3
    1 3 4
    4 4 5 2
    Solve
    3 2 1
    3 2 1
    3 2 1
    x x x
    x x x
    x x x
    (
    (
    (

    5 2 3 1
    1 3 4 1
    4 4 5 2
    Elementay
    Row
    Operations
    (
    (
    (

    1 0 0
    0 1 0
    0 0 1
    2
    2
    3

    = + +
    = + +
    = + +
    2 0 0
    2 0 0
    3 0 0
    3 2 1
    3 2 1
    3 2 1
    x x x
    x x x
    x x x

    =
    =
    =
    2
    2
    3

    3
    2
    1
    x
    x
    x
    Augmented matrix
    Reduced augmented matrix
    (
    (
    (

    5 2 3 1
    1 3 4 1
    4 4 5 2
    (
    (
    (

    1 0 0
    0 1 0
    0 0 1
    2
    2
    3

    (
    (
    (

    5 2 3 1
    4 4 5 2
    1 3 4 1
    (
    (
    (



    5 2 3 1
    2 2 3 0
    1 3 4 1
    (
    (
    (



    4 5 7 0
    2 2 3 0
    1 3 4 1
    (
    (
    (



    4 5 7 0
    3 / 2 3 / 2 1 0
    1 3 4 1
    (
    (
    (

    3 / 2 3 / 1 0 0
    3 / 2 3 / 2 1 0
    1 3 4 1
    (
    (
    (

    2 1 0 0
    3 / 2 3 / 2 1 0
    1 3 4 1
    (
    (
    (

    2 1 0 0
    3 / 2 3 / 2 1 0
    3 / 11 3 / 1 0 1
    (
    (
    (

    2 1 0 0
    2 0 1 0
    3 / 11 3 / 1 0 1
    Practice Elementary Row Operations:
    Solutions to Linear Systems --
    Existence and Uniqueness
    Is the system consistent; that is, does at
    least one solution exist?


    If a solution exists, is it the only one; that
    is, is the solution unique?
    Example 1:
    A graph of the following
    system of equations is
    shown to the right:









    Is the system consistent?
    Is it unique?

    =
    = +
    0
    1
    2 1
    2 1
    x x
    x x
    Example 2:
    A graph of the following
    system of equations is shown
    to the right:







    Is the system consistent?
    Is it unique?

    = + + 0
    3 2 1
    x x x
    Example 3
    A graph of the following
    system of equations is shown
    to the right:






    Is the system consistent?
    Is it unique?




    = + +
    = + +
    35 2 2 2
    1
    3 2 1
    3 2 1
    x x x
    x x x
    Example 4
    A graph of the following system
    of equations is shown to the
    right:







    Is the system consistent?
    Is it unique?

    =
    =
    = +
    2 2
    2
    1
    2 1
    2
    2 1
    x x
    x
    x x
    Find the solution set of each of the following:

    =
    =
    0 2
    3 2
    2 1
    2 1
    x x
    x x

    =
    =
    0 2
    3 2
    2 1
    2 1
    x x
    x x

    = +
    =
    6 2 4
    3 2
    2 1
    2 1
    x x
    x x
    No solutions

    (2,1)
    Infinitely many solutions.
    All (x,y) where 3 2 = x y
    Consistent
    Inconsistent
    Unique
    Every system of linear equations has

    either
    No solutions, or
    Exactly one solution, or
    Infinitely many solutions.
    Geometrically, what does this say about the solution of
    a linear system?

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