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    Gas Technology Institute Presentation

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    Aris Kancil
    Natural gas is primarily composed of methane but varies regionally, with some US and California sources containing more ethane. Wobbe number is the key metric for measuring combustion performance and interchangeability of different natural gas compositions. While methane number is also a measure of knock resistance, it is not commonly used in the natural gas industry. Current California gas quality standards provide a good framework, and industry groups are working to develop consensus on specific values and ranges for gas composition.

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    Gas Technology Institute Presentation

    Uploaded by

    Aris Kancil
    123 views14 pages
    Natural gas is primarily composed of methane but varies regionally, with some US and California sources containing more ethane. Wobbe number is the key metric for measuring combustion performance and interchangeability of different natural gas compositions. While methane number is also a measure of knock resistance, it is not commonly used in the natural gas industry. Current California gas quality standards provide a good framework, and industry groups are working to develop consensus on specific values and ranges for gas composition.

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    Natural gas is primarily composed of methane but varies regionally, with some US and California sources containing more ethane. Wobbe number is the key metric for measuring combustion performance and interchangeability of different natural gas compositions. While methane number is also a measure of knock resistance, it is not commonly used in the natural gas industry. Current California gas quality standards provide a good framework, and industry groups are working to develop consensus on specific values and ranges for gas composition.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    123 views14 pages

    Gas Technology Institute Presentation

    Uploaded by

    Aris Kancil
    Natural gas is primarily composed of methane but varies regionally, with some US and California sources containing more ethane. Wobbe number is the key metric for measuring combustion performance and interchangeability of different natural gas compositions. While methane number is also a measure of knock resistance, it is not commonly used in the natural gas industry. Current California gas quality standards provide a good framework, and industry groups are working to develop consensus on specific values and ranges for gas composition.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 14

    Natural Gas Composition and Quality

    > William E. Liss


    David M. Rue Gas Technology Institute

    Panel 1: Current Gas Quality


    Highlights

    > What is natural gas


    Its chemical composition and properties What are the variations that occur

    > How does California compare with elsewhere > Key points
    Wobbe Number is key metric > Methane Number rarely used in industry Variations are common Rule 30 plus NGC + Work Group > Good foundation for natural gas quality standards
    2

    Natural Gas Industry


    > Natural gas has an integrated & highly efficient energy delivery system

    > Natural gas industry is interconnected to crude oil and natural gas liquids (NGL) marketplace

    Natural Gas Measurement


    > Chemical Composition
    Hydrocarbonsmainly straight-chain alkanes
    > Methane, ethane, propane, butanes+, etc

    Inert gasesnitrogen and carbon dioxide

    > Physical Properties


    Heating Value: Higher (Gross), Lower (Net) Specific Gravity: Relative density to air > Natural gas lighter than air Wobbe Number (or Wobbe Index) Combustion interchangeability Others...Methane Number, dewpoint
    4

    Wobbe Number
    > Wobbe Number (or Wobbe Index) is a key metric for combustion performance
    More meaningful than heating value WN = Heating Value (Specific Gravity)0.5 Accounts for flow and heat input of gas through an orifice

    What Is Natural Gas?


    > Naturally occurring gaseous resource
    Can also be made
    Average U.S. Natural Gas Composition
    Methane 92.3% NonMethane 7.7%

    > Natural gas is mainly methane


    Typically about 90-95% by volume

    > Balance:
    Non-methane hydrocarbons (e.g., ethane, propane) Other gases (e.g., carbon dioxide, nitrogen)

    NonMethane Fraction
    Ethane 3.6% Propane CO2 0.8% 1.0% Butanes+ 0.5% Nitrogen 1.8%

    Source: Gas Technology Institute

    Based on survey data containing 7000 natural gas samples across 26 US cities
    6

    Regional Natural Gas Composition Difference Common


    Rich gases often exist near producing areas

    Average Natural Gas Composition -- Twenty Six US Cities (1989 1992 time period)

    Non-Methane Natural Gas Constituents


    20 15 10 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
    Source: Gas Technology Institute

    Non-Methane Constituents (Mole% )


    Ethane Propane Butanes+ Inerts

    Rich Gases

    Lean Gases

    Survey City Number


    7

    Average US and CA Natural Gas Composition Similar


    Minimum
    Methane Ethane Propane C4 and higher 74.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 National Average 93.9 3.2 0.7 0.4 California Average 93.1 3.4 0.7 0.3

    Maximum
    98.1 13.3 2.6 2.1

    N2 + CO2

    0.0

    2.6

    2.5

    10.0
    Source: Gas Technology Institute

    Data exclude effect of propane-air peakshaving

    National: 26 cities, about 7000 samples California: 12 locations, about 1200 samples
    8

    Average US & CA Natural Gas Physical Property Statistics


    Minimum Heating Value (BTU/scf) Specific Gravity Wobbe Number (BTU/scf) National Average California Average Maximum

    970

    1033

    1035

    1127

    0.563

    0.598

    0.599

    0.698

    1201

    1336

    1337

    1418

    Data exclude effect of propane-air peakshaving

    Source: Gas Technology Institute

    California Statistics
    12 Sites, 1226 samples
    SITE 1 METHANE (Vol.%) 93.92 94.33 95.53 96.64 94.94 93.10 93.73 HEATING VALUE (Btu/scf) 1033 995 1017 1011 1026 1039 1028 WOBBE NUMBER (Btu/scf) 1340 1301 1326 1336 1340 1341 1335

    Lean Gases

    Northern California Region

    2 3 4 5 6 7

    Southern California/San Diego Region

    93.60
    92.25 91.19 93.48 92.34 Summary 93.09 90.31 96.88

    1030
    1040 1048 1029 1042 1035 986 1060

    1335
    1335 1337 1333 1340 1337 1290 1358

    Rich Gases

    9 Southern California/LA Region 10 11 12 Average Minimum Maximum

    10

    CA In-State Production
    Rich Natural Gas

    > Select regions in state can have wider gas composition & properties range
    Proximity to associated gas wellsresult in higher ethane levels Lack of regional market limits ability to economically lower ethane > Ethane removal expensive, energy losses
    2001 - 2004 Data Methane Ethane Heating Value Specific Gravity Wobbe Number #1 86.9 9.0 1103 0.638 1381 11 #2 85.6 9.55 1107 0.647 1376 #3 84.1 10.3 1117 0.661 1374

    Methane Number measures Natural Gas engine knock resistance


    - Like Octane Number, but higher than gasoline - Not commonly used in natural gas industry
    140
    Motor Octane Number

    130

    Natural Gas
    120 110 100 90 80 40 50 60 70 Methane Number 80 90 100

    Gasoline

    Source: Gas Technology Institute

    12

    Panel 1 Summary
    Current Gas Quality > Natural gas composition variations are common in California, US, and World
    Support ample supplies from various sources In-state producersethane issue Future sources likely need composition limit leewayLNG, bio-energy, hydrogen

    > Wobbe Number best single measure of fuel gas interchangeability


    Other indices can account for secondary combustion interchangeability considerations Methane Number not commonly used Compositional specs should be used with carecan be overly restrictive
    13

    Panel 1 Summary
    Current Gas Quality

    > Current utility requirements (e.g., Rule 30) provides a very good framework
    Already includes main interchangeability indices Also speak to pipeline-specific issues

    > Ongoing NGC + Work Group developing consensus industry position on specific values and ranges
    Draft recommendations in process

    14

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