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    Aliasing occurs when a signal is sampled at too low of a rate, creating false frequencies. In graphics, it causes jagged edges and poor detail representation. To avoid aliasing, the sampling rate must be at least twice the maximum frequency per Nyquist's theorem. Anti-aliasing techniques like unweighted filtering, weighted filtering, and supersampling calculate pixel color percentages to produce smoother images by reducing jagged effects. Supersampling renders at a higher resolution then downsamples for better quality graphics but at increased computational cost.

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    Aliasing occurs when a signal is sampled at too low of a rate, creating false frequencies. In graphics, it causes jagged edges and poor detail representation. To avoid aliasing, the sampling rate must be at least twice the maximum frequency per Nyquist's theorem. Anti-aliasing techniques like unweighted filtering, weighted filtering, and supersampling calculate pixel color percentages to produce smoother images by reducing jagged effects. Supersampling renders at a higher resolution then downsamples for better quality graphics but at increased computational cost.

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    Aliasing occurs when a signal is sampled at too low of a rate, creating false frequencies. In graphics, it causes jagged edges and poor detail representation. To avoid aliasing, the sampling rate must be at least twice the maximum frequency per Nyquist's theorem. Anti-aliasing techniques like unweighted filtering, weighted filtering, and supersampling calculate pixel color percentages to produce smoother images by reducing jagged effects. Supersampling renders at a higher resolution then downsamples for better quality graphics but at increased computational cost.

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    TMP

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    Aliasing occurs when a signal is sampled at too low of a rate, creating false frequencies. In graphics, it causes jagged edges and poor detail representation. To avoid aliasing, the sampling rate must be at least twice the maximum frequency per Nyquist's theorem. Anti-aliasing techniques like unweighted filtering, weighted filtering, and supersampling calculate pixel color percentages to produce smoother images by reducing jagged effects. Supersampling renders at a higher resolution then downsamples for better quality graphics but at increased computational cost.

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    CS32310 Presentation

    Aliasing Artifacts and Anti-Aliasing Techniques


    (slightly modified H Holstein)

    Rick Grundy

    Aliasing Artefacts and Anti-Aliasing Techniques


    What is Aliasing?
    Effects of Aliasing

    Avoiding Aliasing
    Anti-Aliasing Techniques
    Unweighted Filtering Weighted Filtering Supersampling

    What is Aliasing?
    False frequencies created by poor sampling of an input signal.

    Sampled signal
    Input signal

    Sampling Rate

    Effects of Aliasing
    Artefacts are created by this poor sampling. Manifested as an audible, unmusical buzz in aliased sound data.

    Also creates problems for computer graphics when vectorial data is sampled and rasterised.

    Effects of Aliasing in Graphics


    Jagged effect in rasterised graphics:

    Vector representation of a circle

    Jagged edges due to aliasing during the rasterisation process

    Effects of Aliasing in Graphics


    Poor representation of fine detail:

    Image representing a chessboard in 3D

    Closeup of most distant squares

    Aliasing in Graphics
    A graphics example:

    Avoiding Aliasing?
    The aliasing problem can be avoided when sampling audio by applying Nyquists Theorem. Sampling should be done at TWICE the rate of the maximum frequency present in the original signal. Applied to the signal seen earlier

    Avoiding Aliasing?
    Use of Nyquists theorem produces a mathematically identical output signal.
    Sampled signal
    Input signal

    Sampling Rate (2x input frequency)

    Avoiding Aliasing?
    In computer graphics, the resolution of the rasterised image replaces the sampling rate seen in the audio example.

    To apply Nyquist would require the output device to have a resolution double that which is discernable to the human visual system.
    Technology is not currently at this level, so alternatives must be sought.

    Anti-Aliasing Techniques
    Consider a diagonal line represented as a raster graphic

    Anti-Aliasing Techniques
    The simplest way to rasterise would be to fill only those pixels with >50% coverage.

    Anti-Aliasing Techniques
    This is not a particularly good representation of the original line. Aliasing artefacts create a jagged, stepped appearance. The aliasing also makes lines appear to have different intensities depending on their angle.

    Anti-Aliasing Techniques
    A better method would be to determine the strength of the colour used to fill each individual pixel according to the percentage covered by the line.
    90% 15% 65% 50%

    Anti-Aliasing Techniques
    This technique (known as pre-filtering) creates a much smoother appearance.

    Circle with aliasing

    Pre-filtering applied

    Anti-Aliasing Techniques
    In the method seen on the previous slides, the amount of coverage given to each pixel is determined irrespective of the distance from the center of the line. It is therefore known as Un-weighted filtering. The filter used to calculate the % coverage of each pixel in this method can be thought of as a cube covering an area of 1x1 pixels, as explained in the following slides

    Unweighted Filtering
    Consider the line on a plane surface in a 3D space

    Unweighted Filtering
    A cube is extrapolated up from the plane for each pixel that the line intersects

    Unweighted Filtering
    The line is then extrapolated to fill a portion of this cube

    Unweighted Filtering
    The percentage of the cube filled by the line can now be calculated and used to shade this pixel.

    Unweighted filtering is computationally simple, but better results can be achieved by using a weighted filter.

    Weighted Filtering
    In weighted filtering, a cone is used in place of the cube.

    Weighted Filtering
    The line is extrapolated into the cone and the percentage of the cone filled is calculated.

    Aliasing in Graphics
    A graphics example:

    Weighted Filtering
    This weighted filtering gives a more accurate result by taking into account the pixels around the one currently being investigated. The use of a cone means that priority is given to line coverage closest to the center of the pixel in question.

    It is possible to give different priorities to the outlying pixels by adjusting the height therefore of the cone - a steeper slope will give more priority to the pixel at the center.

    The Results

    Supersampling
    These filtering methods have so far been applied just once per pixel in the rasterised image.

    This is referred to as 1x anti-aliasing.


    Greater accuracy and more graphically impressive results can be obtained by a technique known as supersampling.

    Supersampling
    Supersampling performs calculations on a virtual image n times the resolution of the desired output. This produces several pixels for each pixel in the final output. Filtering is applied to each of these virtual pixels and the resultant average value is used to shade the corresponding pixel in the output image.

    Supersampling
    Supersampling anti-aliasing is usually referred to in terms of the n value used:

    n=8 1 2 4
    (1x anti-aliasing) (2x (4x (8x

    Supersampling
    Supersampling is expensive computationally, but many high-end video cards provide onboard functionality to speed the process up. Modern video games strive for smooth, realistic edges and make extensive use of anti-aliasing techniques.

    Many games provide the user with options to select the level of supersampling used (2x, 4x, 8x) to balance the desired graphics level with the computing power available.

    Review of Material Covered


    What is Aliasing?
    Effects of Aliasing Avoiding Aliasing Anti-Aliasing Techniques
    Unweighted Filtering Weighted Filtering Supersampling

    Bibliography
    Anti-Aliasing. Wikipedia, 2005.
    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aliasing

    Nyquist-Shannon Sampling Theorem. Wikipedia, 2005.


    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyquist-Shannon_sampling_theorem

    Antialiasing Techniques. Kaushik, S. 2005.


    http://www.cs.wpi.edu/~matt/courses/cs563/talks/antialiasing/first.html

    Anti-aliasing and Fractals. Jones, D. 2004.


    http://www.fractalus.com/info/antialias.htm

    Aliasing problems and Anti-Aliasing Techniques. Owen, S. 1999.


    http://www.siggraph.org/education/materials/HyperGraph/aliasing/alias0.htm

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