May 12, 2014 1

Computer Peripherals
Presented By :

Tawhidur Rahman,Lecturer,CSE & ITE,DIU
May 12, 2014 2
Contents
This lecture will discuss:
storage devices
input devices and
output devices.
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Introduction
The peripherals are referred to all the items that are
external to the CPU, main memory and power supply.
These includes:
Thumb drive, a floppy disk drive, a hard disk drive, serial ports,
parallel port(s), USB ports, a keyboard, a mouse, a network
interface, CD-ROM or DVD-ROM drive, a sound system, a modem, a
monitor, tape drives, scanners, printers, plotters, and audio, video
input devices, etc.
Some of the peripherals use the parallel, USB, and serial
ports as their interconnection point to the computer.
Others have their own interface to the system bus.
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Introduction
Peripheral devices are classified as
storage devices (secondary memory)
Flash memory
Magnetic Disk
Magnetic tape
CD-ROM : (your assignment)
Etc.
input devices
Keyboard
Mouse
Touch screen
Graphics tablets
Etc.
output devices
Printers : (your assignment)
Scanners
Displays
Etc.

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Secondary/External Memory
Is treated as I/O.
Data and programs in secondary storage must be
copied to primary memory for CPU access.
Except for flash memory, secondary storage is
significantly slower than primary storage, and flash
memory is expensive compared to other forms of
secondary storage.
Most secondary storage devices are mechanical in
nature, and mechanical devices are usually slower
than devices that are purely electronic.
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Secondary/External Memory
Advantages of secondary storage,
Its permanence
The magnetic media used for disk and tape and the
optical media used for disk retain the data
indefinitely.
Capable of storing massive amounts of data.
Used for offline archiving, for transferring programs
and data from machine to machine, installation
purposes, and for offsite backup storage.
Relatively inexpensive compared to main memory.
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Types of Secondary Memory
Flash memory
Thumb drive
Magnetic Disk
RAID
Removable
Optical
CD-ROM
CD-Recordable (CD-R)
CD-R/W
DVD
Magnetic Tape
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USB flash drives
Typically small, lightweight, removable and
rewritable.
Memory capacity typically ranges from 8 MB up to
64 GB, limited only by current flash memory
densities.
As capacity increases, so does price.
Several advantages over other portable storage
devices:
Generally faster, hold more data, and are considered
more reliable (due to their lack of moving parts) than
floppy disks.
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USB flash drives
A flash drive has a small PCB encased in a robust
plastic or metal casing, making the drive sturdy
enough to be carried about in a pocket.
Only the USB connector protrudes from this protection,
and is usually covered by a removable cap.
Most flash drives use a standard type-A USB connection
allowing them to be connected directly to a port on a
personal computer.
Most flash drives are active only when powered by
a USB computer connection, and require no other
external power source or battery power source.
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USB flash drives
The internal components of a typical
flash drive
1 USB connector
2 USB mass storage controller device
3 Test points
4 Flash memory chip
5 Crystal oscillator
6 LED
7 Write-protect switch
8 Unpopulated space for second flash
memory chip
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USB flash drives
The controller contains a small RISC
microprocessor and a small amount of on-chip
ROM and RAM.
Flash storage devices are best compared to other
common, portable, swappable data storage
devices: floppy disks, Zip disks, and CD-R/CD-RW
discs. 3.5 inch floppy disks and Iomega Zip disks.
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USB flash drives
An obvious extension of flash memory would be as
a replacement for hard disks.
Flash memory does not have the mechanical limitations
and latencies of hard drives.
is attractive when considering speed, noise, power
consumption, and reliability
However, the cost per gigabyte of flash memory
remains significantly higher than that of platter-
based hard drives.
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Magnetic Disk
A magnetic disk consists of one or more flat, circular platters
made of glass, metal, or plastic, and coated with a magnetic
substance similar to that used on cassette tape.
Substance used to be aluminium
Now glass
Improved surface uniformity
Increases reliability
Reduction in surface defects
Reduced read/write errors
Better shock/damage resistance
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Magnetic Disk
There are two major types of magnetic disks, hard disks
and floppy disks or diskettes.
The design of a floppy disk limits the number of surfaces
to two, specifically the top and bottom of the single disk
platter within its diskette case.
Most hard disk drives contain several platters, all mounted
on the same axis, with heads on each surface of each
platter.
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Magnetic Disk
The heads move in tandem, so they are positioned over the
same point on each surface.
With the head in a particular position, it traces out a circle
(track) on the disk surface as the disk rotates;
Since the heads on each surface all line up, the set of
tracks for all the surfaces form a cylinder.
Each track contains one or more blocks of data, which
commonly divided into equally sized pie shape segments
(sectors).
Each sector on a single track contains one block of data,
typically 512 bytes, and represents the smallest unit that
can be independently read or written.
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Hard Disk Layout
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Disk Data Layout
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Disk Velocity
Bit near centre of rotating disk passes fixed point slower
than bit on outside of disk
Increase spacing between bits in different tracks
Rotate disk at constant angular velocity (CAV)
Gives pie shaped sectors and concentric tracks
Individual tracks and sectors addressable
Move head to given track and wait for given sector
Waste of space on outer tracks
Lower data density
Can use zones to increase capacity
Each zone has fixed bits per track
More complex circuitry
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Disk Layout Methods Diagram
Multiple zone recording - A few high-density disks are designed
with a different number of sectors in different tracks. This
technique uses a constant speed motor but compensates for
different transfer speeds in the controller.
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Finding Sectors
Must be able to identify start of track and sector
Format disk
Additional information not available to user
Marks tracks and sectors

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Winchester Disk Format
Seagate ST506
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Characteristics
Fixed (rare) or movable head
Removable or fixed
Single or double (usually) sided
Single or multiple platter
Head mechanism
Contact (Floppy)
Fixed gap
Flying (Winchester)
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Fixed/Movable Head Disk
Fixed head
One read write head per track
Heads mounted on fixed ridged arm
Movable head
One read write head per side
Mounted on a movable arm

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Removable or Not
Removable disk
Can be removed from drive and replaced with another
disk
Provides unlimited storage capacity
Easy data transfer between systems
Nonremovable disk
Permanently mounted in the drive

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Multiple Platter
One head per side
Heads are joined and aligned
Aligned tracks on each platter form cylinders
Data is striped by cylinder
reduces head movement
Increases speed (transfer rate)
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Multiple Platters
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Tracks and Cylinders
Hard Disk
Hard disk drives are accessed over one of a
number of bus types:
Parallel ATA (PATA, also called IDE or EIDE),
Serial ATA (SATA),
SCSI,
Serial Attached SCSI (SAS), and
Fibre Channel.
Bridge circuitry is sometimes used to connect hard
disk drives to buses that they cannot communicate
with natively, such as IEEE 1394 and USB.
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May 12, 2014 29
Floppy Disk
8, 5.25, 3.5
Small capacity
Up to 1.44Mbyte (2.88M never popular)
Slow
Universal
Cheap
Obsolete?


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Floppy disks vs hard disks
A little difference between the operation of floppy
disks and hard disks, but the mechanical
differences have important effects on the overall
capacity, speed, data transfer rate, and reliability
of hard drives versus floppy disks.
Capacity: hard disk > a floppy disk
The heads on a hard disk do not touch the surface;
rather, they ride on a bed of air a few millionths of an
inch above the surface - allows the disk to rotate at high
speed and also allows the designers to locate the tracks
very close together. The result is a disk that can store
large amounts of data and that retrieves data quickly.
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Floppy disks vs hard disks
Because the floppy disk is soft and flexible,
it is necessary to support the disk surface as data is
being read and written.
To do so, the disk is pinched lightly between two heads,
one on each surface of the disk.
As a result of this physical contact between the disk
surface and the heads, the disk must be rotated more
slowly, so as not to wear out the heads or scrape the
disk surface.
A typical hard disk rotates at 5400 revolutions per
minute (rpm), 7200rpm, or even 10,800rpm.
The floppy disk rotates at 360 rpm.
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Winchester Hard Disk
Developed by IBM in Winchester (USA)
The entire assembly is sealed to prevent dirt
particles from wedging between the heads and the
disk platter.
One or more platters (disks)
Heads fly on boundary layer of air as disk spins
Very small head to disk gap
Getting more robust

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Winchester Hard Disk
Universal
Cheap
Fastest external storage
Getting larger all the time
250 Gigabyte now easily available
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Winchester Hard Disk
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Speed
Seek time
The arm first moves the head from its present track until it is
over the desired track.
The average seek time is used as a specification for the disk.
Rotational latency (or rotational delay or latency time)
Once the head is located over the desired track, the read/write
operation must wait for the disk rotate to the beginning of the
correct sector.


Speed Rotational
ency AverageLat
1
*
2
1

For a typical hard disk rotating at 3600 revolutions per minute, or 60

revolutions per second, the average latency is: * 1/60 = 8.33msec
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Speed

Access time = Seek + Latency
Transfer time is the time required to transfer the
block. The transfer time is defined by:
Speed Rotational ctors NumberOfSe *
1
Transfer time =
For example, a hard disk rotating at 3600 rpm (or 60 revolutions per
second), with 30 sectors per track. The transfer time for a single block
would be: 1/(30*60) =0.55 msec
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BERNOULLI DISK DRIVES
Bernoulli disk drives offer a hybrid approach to
disk design that embodies the advantages of both
floppy disk and hard disk technology.
The disk platter is a 3 1/2 floppy disk housed in a
removable plastic shelled cartridge slightly thicker
than that of a standard floppy disk.
The floppy disk platter spins at about 3000 rpm.
The Bernouffi principle states that a low-pressure
layer is formed next to a surface moving rapidly in
a fluid medium such as air.

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BERNOULLI DISK DRIVES
The more rapid the surface is moving, the lower
the pressure.
When not operating, the floppy medium bends
away from the read/write head.
A cushion of air keeps the head from touching the
surface.
Thus, the Bernoulli cartridge has the advantages
of a hard disk drive, but with the flexibility of an
inexpensive, removable cartridge.

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BERNOULLI DISK DRIVES
Notice that when something goes wrong, the
tendency of the Bernoulli disk is to fall away from
the head, thus protecting the device from head
crashes.
Because of the design, the Bernoulli drive uses
only one surface and has only a single head.
Example: Zip drives

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Disk Array
In larger computer environments, that provide program
and data storage facilities for a network, it is common to
group multiple disks together.
Such a grouping of two or more disk drives is called a disk
array or a drive array.
A disk array can be used to reduce overall data access time
by sharing the data among multiple disks and also to
increase system reliability.
The assumption made is that the number of blocks to be
manipulated at a given time is large enough and important
enough.
Example: RAID (Redundant array of inexpensive disks).
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RAID
Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks (defined by
Patterson et al., 1988).
Redundant Array of Independent Disks (industry redefined
I to be Independent)
7 levels in common use: RAID 0, RAID 1,.RAID 6
Not a hierarchy but designate different design architecture.
Set of physical disks viewed as single logical drive by O/S
Data distributed across physical drives
Can use redundant capacity to store parity information

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RAID
Two standard methods of implementing a disk array:
mirrored array
Has two or more disk drives.
each disk stores exactly the same data.
During reads, alternate blocks of the data are read from
different drives, then combined to reassemble the
original data faster access time.
striped array
requires a minimum of three disk drives.
one disk drive is reserved for error checking.
A file segment to be stored is divided into blocks, which
are then written simultaneously to different disks.

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Example: RAID 0
No redundancy
Data striped across all disks
Round Robin striping
Increase speed
Use in supercomputer where performance and
capacity are important and low cost is more
important than reliability.

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Example: RAID 1
Mirrored Disks
Data is striped across disks
2 copies of each stripe on separate disks
Read from either
Write to both
Recovery is simple
Swap faulty disk & re-mirror
No down time
Expensive
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RAID 0, 1, 2
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Data Mapping For RAID 0
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Magnetic Tape
Serial access
Slow
Very cheap
Backup and archive

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MAGNETIC TAPE
Is used for secondary storage:
when offline storage is acceptable or preferred,
when the data storage capacity requirements exceed those of a
floppy disk and
when sequential access is adequate.
Tape is nonvolatile, and the data can be stored indefinitely.
Modern computers all use tape cartridges for offline storage.
easy to mount and dismount,
and small and easy to store.
Some can store as much as 300GB of compressed data.

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TAPE CARTRIDGE
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DISPLAYS
A computer display (also known as a computer monitor,
computer screen, or computer video display) is a device that
can display signals generated by a computer as images on a
screen.
It is used to display image (or text) to the user.
An image made up of thousands of individual pixels, or
picture elements, arranged to make up a large rectangular
screen.
Each pixel is a tiny square on the display.
A typical screen/display is made up of 768 rows of 1024 pixels
each, known as a 1024 x 768 pixel screen.
Screens of 640 x 480 pixels or 800 x 600 pixels are also still in
use, and resolutions of 1280 x 1024 pixels, or even higher
have become common, especially on physically larger screens.


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DISPLAYS
The resolution specifies the minimum identifiable pixel size
capability of the monitor, therefore, the smaller the number
the better.
Each individual pixel represents a shade of gray (on a
monochrome screen) or a colour.
A color pixel is actually made up of a mixture of different
intensities of red, green, and blue (RGB).
A monochrome scale with no shading would require only 1
bit per pixel (1 for white, 0 for black).
Typical colour display has 256 colours, or many more.
It takes 1 byte per pixel to represent a 256-clour image.

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DISPLAYS
True colour system use 8 bit per colour (i.e. 24 bit
in all).
It can represent 256*256*256 different colours on the
screen.
With 8 bits, there is no way to divide the bits to
represent reds, blues, and greens equally.
Instead, 256 arbitrary combinations of red, blue, and
green are chosen from a larger palette of colors.
More commonly, a default color scheme is used.


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DISPLAYS
Each pixel value is represented by a value of 0-255,
representing the color for that pixel.
A color transformation table, also known as a palette table,
holds the RGB values for each of the 256 possible colors.
To display a pixel on the screen, the system transforms the
pixel color to a screen color by reading the RGB values that
correspond to the particular pixel value from the table - is
performed by a special circuitry on the video card.
Most output, including text data, is presented graphically.

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DISPLAYS
In some PCs, the display circuitry is usually
provided on a separate plug-in video card;
video memory is supplied with the card.
In some PCs, and most laptops, the video circuitry
is included on the motherboard.

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DISPLAYS
The actual display is produced by scanning and displaying each
pixel, one row at a time, from left to right, then from top to
bottom.
Known as a raster scan.
Identical to the way that television pictures are generated.
Some monitors Interlace the display, by displaying the odd rows
(i.e. row 1, 3, 5 etc.) and then coming back and displaying the
even rows.
Not popular - results in flickering that is annoying to some users.
Vector scan - pixels are displayed in whatever order is
necessary to trace out a particular image.
E.g. by following the outline of the character vector scan could
trace a character.
Not suitable for bit map graphics, but can be used with object
graphics images, such as those used for CAD/CAM applications.
Generating vector scan images on a display screen is electronically
much more difficult and expensive than producing raster scans
Thus, raster scans are used almost universally today.


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CRT Display Technology
LCD has become more common, but cathode
ray tube (CRT) remains the most common
display technology.
3 electron guns (red, blue, and green) within
the tube shoot beams of electrons from the
back of the tube.
There is a high voltage applied to the inside of the
face of the tube attracts the beams to the face.

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CRT Display Technology
The face of the tube is painted with tiny dots or thin
stripes of phosphors, which glow when struck by
electrons.
A shadow mask in the tube is designed such that
electrons from each gun can strike only phosphors
of the matching color.
The strength of the beams varies depending on the
color and brightness of the point being displayed:
The stronger the beam for a particular color, the
brighter that color appears on the screen.
Monochrome video monitors work identically,
except that only a single gun is required, the
phosphor is white, yellow, or green, and no shadow
mask is required.
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Issues and Problems with Computer Display
Screen burn-in: an image is displayed on the
screen for a long period of time without changing,
the screen that is showing will embed itself into
the glass.
use a good screensaver program that rotates
often.
Some LCD monitors may get "dead pixels" over
time.
This generally applies to older LCD monitors
from the 1990's.
May 12, 2014 59
Liquid Crystal Display Technology
A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat
display device made up of any number of color or
monochrome pixels arrayed in front of a light
source or reflector.
it uses very small amounts of electric power, and
is therefore suitable for use in battery-powered
electronic devices.

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Important factors for LCD
Important factors to consider when evaluating an
LCD monitor include:
Resolution:
the physical number of columns and rows of pixels
creating the display (eg, 852x480; 1368x768 etc).
viewable size.
response time (sync rate) - amount of time a pixel in an
LCD monitor takes to go from active (black) to inactive
(white) and back to active (black) again (ms).
Lower numbers mean faster transitions and therefore
fewer visible image artifacts.

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Important factors for LCD
matrix type (passive or active):
High-resolution color displays such as modern LCD
computer monitors and televisions use an active matrix
structure.
Active-matrix displays are much brighter and sharper
than passive-matrix displays of the same size, and
generally have quicker response times, producing much
better images.
Active matrix display: the display panel contains one
transistor for each cell in the matrix.
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Important factors for LCD
viewing angle.
color support
brightness and contrast ratio, aspect ratio, and
input ports (e.g. DVI or VGA).

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LCD DISPLAYS
LCD panels have the advantage of:
small size,
bright images,
no flicker, and
low power consumption.
so they are ideal for laptop computers.

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COMPUTER DISPLAY STANDARD
Video
standard
Description
MDA Monochrome Display Adapter, the original standard on IBM
PCs and IBM PC XTs with 4 KB video RAM. Introduced in
1981 by IBM. Supports text mode only.
CGA Color Graphics Adapter. Introduced in 1981 by IBM, as the
first color display standard for the IBM PC. The standard
CGA graphics cards were equipped with 16 KB video
RAM.
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COMPUTER DISPLAY STANDARD
Video
standard
Description
EGA Enhanced Graphics Adapter. Introduced in 1984 by IBM. A
resolution of 640 350 pixels of 16 different colors (4 bits per
pixel, or bpp).
VGA Video Graphics Array, introduced in 1987 by IBM. VGA is
actually a set of different resolutions, but is most commonly
used today to refer to 640 480 pixel displays with 16 colors (4
bits per pixel).
SVGA Super VGA, a video display standard created by VESA for IBM
PC compatible personal computers. Introduced in 1989.
XGA Extended Graphics Array is an IBM display standard introduced
in 1990. XGA-2 added 1024 768 support for high color and
higher refresh rates, improved performance, and support for
1360 1024 in 16 colors (4 bits per pixel).
The Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) is an international body, founded
by NEC Home Electronics and eight other video display adapter manufacturers.
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COMPUTER DISPLAY STANDARD
Video
standard
Description
SXGA Super XGA, a widely used de facto 32 bit Truecolor
standard. The resolution:
1280

1024
UXGA Ultra XGA is a de facto Truecolor standard. The
resolution:
1600

1200
WUXGA Widescreen Ultra Extended Graphics Array is a
version of the UXGA format. This display is becoming
popular in high end 15" and 17" widescreen notebook
computers. The resolution: 1920X1200.
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Computer Display Standard
Video
standard
Description
WQXGA Widescreen Quad Extended Graphics Array is a version of
the XGA format. This display is becoming popular in some
recent desktop monitors. The resolution: 2560x1600.
WXGA Widescreen Extended Graphics Array is a version of the
XGA format. This display is becoming popular in some
recent notebook computers. The resolution: 1280x720.
WSXGA, or
WXGA+
Widescreen Extended Graphics Array PLUS is a version
of the WXGA format. This display aspect ratio is becoming
popular in some recent notebook computers. The
resolution: 1440x900.
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Scanners
Primary used - to input paper images.
A device that analyzes an image or an object (such
as an ornament) and converts it to a digital image.
Scanners are generally less expensive and more
convenient.
3 primary types of scanners:
flatbed scanners,
sheet-fed scanners,
handheld scanners,
but all 3 work similarly and differ only in the way the scan
element is moved with respect to the paper.
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Scanners
In a flatbed scanner, the paper is placed on a
glass window, while the scan element moves down
the page, much like a copy machine.
In a sheet-fed scanner, a single page of paper is
propelled through the mechanism with rollers; the
scan element is stationary.
Handheld scanners are propelled by the user over
the page.
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Scanners
The scanning mechanism consists of a light source
and a row of light sensors.
As the light is reflected from individual points on the
page, it is received by the light sensors and translated
to digital signals that correspond to the brightness of
each point.
Color filters can be used to produce color images.
The resolution of scanners is approximately 600
2400 points per inch.
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User Input Devices
Users use a variety of devices to interact with the
computer:
Text Input:
Keyboards (most popular) - consist of a number of
switches and a keyboard controller. The keyboard
controller is built into the keyboard itself.
Speech recognition.
Pointing devices:
Mouse- a handheld pointing device, designed to sit
under one hand of the user and to detect movement
relative to its two-dimensional supporting surface.
mechanical mouse
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Pointing devices
Optical mouse uses a light-emitting diode and
photodiodes to detect the movement of the
underlying surface, rather than moving some of its
parts as in a mechanical mouse.
Laser mouse uses a small laser instead of a LED.
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USER INPUT DEVICES
Operating a mechanical mouse.
1: Moving the mouse turns the ball.
2: X and Y rollers grip the ball and
transfer movement.
3: Optical encoding disks include
light holes.
4: Infrared LEDs shine through the
disks.
5: Sensors gather light pulses to
convert to X and Y velocities. .
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Pointing devices
Joystick
Touch screen
Touchpad
Light pen- pointed at the screen to identify a
position on the screen. By moving the pen around
the screen, a cursor can be made to follow the
pen.
Graphics tablet.
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Image, video and audio input devices
Image scanner
3D scanner
Digital camera
Webcam
Digital video recorder
Digital camcoder
Digital audio recorder
microphone


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Communication Devices
Like other I/O devices, there is a network interface unit
(NIU) that handles the physical characteristics of the
connection and one or more I/O drivers that manage and
steer input data, output data, and interrupts.
The interface between a computer and a network is more
complicated than that for most other I/O peripherals.
Data must be formatted in specific ways to communicate
successfully with a wide range of application and system software
located on other computers.
The computer also must be able to address a large number of
devices individually, specifically, every other computer connected to
the network.
Security of communication is important.
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Communication Devices
Most of these concerns are handled with protocol
software in the operating system.
The NIU is responsible only for:
the electrical signals that connect the computer to the
network, either directly or through a communication
channel, and
for the protocols, implemented in hardware, that define
the specific rules of communication for the network.
These protocols are called medium access control
protocols, or MACs.
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Thank you