A presentation by:

Zuwayr Wajid
Abdullah Jehangir Yousaf
Muhammad Yaar
Anaan Javed Ramay
Pixel
Colour Depth
Resolution
List of Common Resolutions
History
CRT
Video Projector

LCD
TFT
TN
IPS
OLED
Comparison
Implementation in the mobile
industry(Demo)
Conclusion

A minute area of illumination on a display
screen, one of many from which an image is
composed.
Each pixel is a sample of an original image;
more samples typically provide more
accurate representations of the original. The
intensity of each pixel is variable. In color
image systems, a color is typically
represented by three or four component
intensities such as red, green, and blue, or
cyan, magenta, yellow, and black.
A Photograph of the pixels on a laptop screen. It can be
clearly seen that it is a RGB ( Red, Green, Blue ) sub pixels
The number of distinct colors that can be
represented by a pixel depends on the number of bits
per pixel (bpp). A 1 bpp image uses 1-bit for each
pixel, so each pixel can be either on or off. Each
additional bit doubles the number of colors available,
so a 2 bpp image can have 4 colors, and a 3 bpp
image can have 8 colors:
1 bpp, 2^1 = 2 colors (monochrome)
2 bpp, 2^2 = 4 colors
3 bpp, 2^3 = 8 colors
...
8 bpp, 2^8 = 256 colors
16 bpp, 2^16 = 65,536 colors ("Highcolor" )
24 bpp, 2^24 16.8 million colors ("Truecolor")
The display resolution of a digital television,
computer monitor or display device is the
number of distinct pixels in each dimension
that can be displayed. It can be an
ambiguous term especially as the displayed
resolution is controlled by different factors
in cathode ray tube (CRT), Flat panel display
which includes Liquid crystal displays, or
projection displays using fixed picture-
element (pixel) arrays.
It is usually quoted as width height, with
the units in pixels: for example, "1024 768"
means the width is 1024 pixels and the
height is 768 pixels. This example would
normally be spoken as "ten twenty-four by
seven sixty-eight" or "ten twenty-four by
seven six eight"
With the evolution of modern technology
advancements have been made in the field
of displays and resolutions introducing new
standards such as HD (High Definition)
VGA (Video Graphics Array) 640x480
XGA (Extended Graphics Array) 1024x768
HD or WXGA (High Definition) 1280x720
HD+ (High Definition Plus) 1600x900
FHD (Full High Definition) 1920x1080
UHD (Ultra High Definition) 3840x2160

UHD is also known as 4K . A normal FHD
display has 2 Million pixels whereas a UHD
display has 8 Million pixels , 4 times that of
FHD, hence the name 4K








Sony shows off their all new 4K Bravia
Televisions in the Japan Expo.
Display is an electronic device for the visual
representation of data. The originally
displays were used for data processing ,
however later on they were also used for
entertainment purposes. Displays have
become a fundamental part of our lives,
television screens, mobile phone screens,
digital clocks, video player, they are
everywhere and most of us have these in our
pockets at the moment. Our main topic of
discussion will be computer displays.
The first computer monitors used cathode
ray tubes (CRT). The image quality was poor
and they flickered. In 1981 IBM introduced
the colour graphics adapter which could
display 4 colours with a resolution of 320x200
or 2 colors with 640x200. CRT Displays
remained dominant until the new millennium
due to their low production costs and great
viewing angles.
The original IBM pc with a CRT display from the 1980s. Note
that only green is displayed on the screen as the colour
adapter was still not introduced.
A video projector is an image projector that
receives a video signal and projects the
corresponding image on a projection screen
using a lens system. All video projectors use a
very bright light to project the image, and most
modern ones can correct any curves, blurriness,
and other inconsistencies through manual
settings. Video projectors are widely used for
many applications such as, conference room
presentations, classroom training, home theatre
and concerts. Projectors are widely used in many
schools and other educational settings,
sometimes connected to an interactive
whiteboard to interactively teach pupils.
Video Projectors are used in computer lab along with smart
boards and provide an interactive learning experience
A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel
display that uses the light modulating
properties of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals
do not emit light directly. A back light such
as a fluorescent light is used to light up the
display. Throughout the 1990s, the primary
use of LCD technology as computer monitors
was in laptops where the lower power
consumption, lighter weight, and smaller
physical size of LCDs justified the higher
price versus a CRT.

A game-changing product, a sleek, slim and vibrant rival to
the CRT
A thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal
display (TFT LCD) is a variant of a liquid-
crystal display (LCD) that uses thin-film
transistor (TFT) technology to improve image
qualities such as addressability and contrast.
In a TFT, the pixels are addressed in rows and
columns, reducing the connection count from
millions down to thousands. The column and
row wires attach to transistor switches, one
for each pixel.
The one-way current passing characteristic
of the transistor prevents the charge that is
being applied to each pixel from being
drained between refreshes to a display's
image
Diagram of Pixel layout in
TFT Panels.
The Xperia Z uses a TFT capacitive display
which provides natural colours with high
quality images and text.
The Twisted Nematic (TN) is a variant of the
LCD and TFT family. Its is the most common
consumer display type due its low cost. The
pixel response time on modern TN panels is
sufficiently fast to avoid the shadow-trail
and ghosting artifacts of earlier production.
TN displays suffer from limited viewing
angles, especially in the vertical direction.
Colors will shift when viewed off-
perpendicular. In the vertical direction,
colors will shift so much that they will invert
past a certain angle.
Also, most TN panels represent colors using
only six bits per RGB color, or 18 bit in
total, and are unable to display the 16.7
million color shades
TN display under a
microscope, with
transistors visible in
the bottom
In-Plane Switching (IPS) was developed by in
1996 to improve on the poor viewing angle
and the poor color reproduction of TN panels
at that time.

Its name comes from the main
difference from TN panels, that the crystal
molecules move parallel to the panel plane
instead of perpendicular to it. This change
reduces the amount of light scattering in the
matrix, which gives IPS its characteristic
wide viewing angles and good color
reproduction.
Initial varieties of IPS technology were
know by their slow response time and a low
contrast ratio but later revisions have made
great improvements to these shortcomings.
Because of its wide viewing angle and
accurate color reproduction (with almost
no off-angle color shift), IPS is widely
employed all over the world.
The new iPhone uses an IPS LCD display which provides wide
viewing angles and accurate colour reproduction.
OLEDs are used to create digital displays in
devices such as television screens, computer
monitors, portable systems such as mobile
phones, handheld games consoles and PDAs.
An OLED display works without a backlight.
Thus, it can display deep black levels and
can be thinner and lighter than a liquid
crystal display (LCD).
In low ambient light conditions ,OLED
screen can achieve a higher contrast
ratio than an LCD, whether the LCD
uses cold cathode fluorescent lamps or LED
backlight.

This is a sneek
peek at the
rumored
upcoming
Galaxy Round
with a curved
OLED display.

OLED is the
future of
Displays.
In the next set of slides we shall show you
the comparisons of the previously mentioned
technologies.
Please note that information was correct at
the time of presentation, it may change over
time.
As you can clearly notice that the phone on the top right
has the most vivid display with the deepest blacks.
Parameter CRT LCD LED
Brightness Visible in ambient
light
Good but poor in
direct sunlight
Good in low
ambient light,
very poor in
direct light
Contrast Over 15,000:1 Over 20,00:1 Over 1,000,000:1
Black Level Excellent Poor due to bleed
through
Excellent
Ghosting or
smearing
No ghosting or
smearing but
slightly fuzzy
Some blur on old
panels
No blur even
during fast motion
Parameter CRT LCD LED
Viewing Angle Excellent Poor but getting
better on newer
models
Excellent
Weight Heavy Heavy , but less
weight gain per
size increase
Very light
Energy
Consumption and
Heat Generation
High Low with old
backlight, even
low with LED
Varies with
brightness but
lower than LCD
Cost Inexpensive Inexpensive but
LED back lit
displays are not
Expensive to
manufacture

In reality, it all depends upon our needs and
wants, OLED has bright vivid colours, IPS has
more natural colours, CRT has no input lag
and is very cheap.
Abdullah prefers TFT LCD display due to its
natural colours.
Zuwayr prefers IPS-LCD, like the one found
on the new iPhone (Retina Display)
Muhammad Yaar Prefers the OLED display,
like the one found on his S3
Ramay likes projectors due their massive
displays
Thank You