Classes, Methods and

Statements
 Objectives

“With regards to programming classes, methods and statements, C#

offers what you would come to expect from a modern OOPL…”

• Classes
• Namespaces
• Methods
• Statements

Microsoft 2
 Part 1

• Classes…

Microsoft 3
 The class is key

• In .NET, classes play a central role

– every type is represented by a class
– all data and code must reside within a class

public class Customer

public class App {
.
{ .
.
public static void Main() }
{ public class Globals
. {
. .
.
. .
} }
} public class Utility
{
.
.
.
}

Microsoft 4
 Part 2

• Namespaces…

Microsoft 5
 Namespaces

• The FCL contains thousands of classes…

• Inevitably, name collisions will occur
– between classes in the FCL
– between your classes and those in the FCL

• Namespaces are a way to minimize collisions…

– as well as logically organize our code

Microsoft 6
 Definition

• A namespace N is a set of names qualified by N

namespace Workshop
{ Workshop.Customer
public class Customer
{
.
.
.
}
Workshop.Product
public class Product
{
.
.
.
}
}//namespace

Microsoft 7
 Example

• Framework Class Library (FCL)

contains 1000's of classes
– organized by namespaces

Microsoft 8
 FCL namespaces

• FCL's outermost namespace is "System"

• FCL technologies nested within System…

Namespace Purpose Assembly

System Core classes, types mscorlib.dll

System.Collections Data structures mscorlib.dll

System.Data Database access System.Data.dll

System.Windows.Forms GUI System.Windows.Forms.dll

System.XML XML processing System.Xml.dll

Microsoft 9
 Namespace != Assembly

• Orthogonal concepts:
– namespace for logical organization
– assembly for physical packaging

• You must reference an assembly in order to use it

• You can "import" a namespace to reduce typing…

Microsoft 10
 Fully-qualified references

• A fully-qualified reference starts with the outermost namespace:

System.Console.WriteLine("message");

• If you want, you can import a namespace & drop imported prefix
– using directive allows you to import a namespace…

using System;
.
.
.
Console.WriteLine("message");

Microsoft 11
 Complete example

• using directive(s) specified at top of file namespace Workshop

{
public class Customer
{
.
.
/* main.cs */ .
}
using System; public class Product
using Workshop; {
.
.
public class App .
}
{ }
public static void Main()
{
Customer c;
c = new Customer("jim bag", 94652);
Console.WriteLine( c.ToString() );
}
}

Microsoft 12
 Point of clarification

• using directive only includes types from specified namespace

• nested namespaces must be separately imported...

/* main.cs */

using System;
using System.Windows;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Data;
using System.Data.OleDb;

public class App

{
.
.
.
}

Microsoft 13
 Part 3

• Methods…

Microsoft 14
 Types of methods

• Classes contain 2 types of methods:

– subroutines with no return value (void)
– functions with a return value (int, string, etc.)

• Methods may be:

– instance
– static

• Instance methods require an object to call

• Static methods are global and thus require only class name

Microsoft 15
 Example

• Array class in FCL

– fully-qualified name is System.Array

namespace System
{
public class Array
{
instance method public int GetUpperBound(int dimension)
(absence of static) { ... }

static method public static void Sort(Array a)

(presence of static) { ... }
.
.
.
}
}

Microsoft 16
 Calling methods

• Here's an example of calling into the Array class:

/* main.cs */

using System;

public class App

{
public static void Main()
{
int[] data = { 11, 7, 38, 55, 3 };

Array.Sort(data);

for (int i=0; i<=data.GetUpperBound(0); i++)

Console.WriteLine(i + ": " + data[i]);
}
}

Microsoft 17
 Parameter passing

• C# offers three options:

– pass-by-value (default)
– pass-by-reference
– pass-by-result ("copy-out")

• More subtle than you might think…

Microsoft 18
 Case 1: pass-by-value with a value type

• Bits are copied…

value 99 stack frame for Foo

public class App

stack frame for Main
{ i 99
public static void Main() Stack
{
int i = 99;
Foo(i);
System.Console.WriteLine(i); // i = 99
}

private static void Foo(int value)

{
value = value + 1;
}
}

Microsoft 19
 Case 2: pass-by-ref with a value type

• Reference is passed…

value stack frame for Foo

public class App

stack frame for Main
{ i 99
public static void Main() Stack
{
int i = 99;
Foo(ref i);
System.Console.WriteLine(i); // i = 100
}

private static void Foo(ref int value)

{
value = value + 1;
}
}

Microsoft 20
 Case 3: pass-by-value with a reference type

• Reference is copied…

A
public class App
{
public static void Main() Vals
{ array
Stack
int[] Vals;
Vals = new int[1000];
Vals[0] = 99;
Foo2(Vals);
System.Console.WriteLine(Vals[0]); // 100
}

private static void Foo2(int[] A)

{
A[0] = A[0] + 1;
}
}
Microsoft 21
 Case 4: pass-by-ref with a reference type

• Reference to reference
is passed…
A
public class App
{
public static void Main() Vals
{ array
Stack
int[] Vals;
Vals = new int[1000];
Vals[0] = 99;
Foo2(ref Vals);
System.Console.WriteLine(Vals[0]); // 100
}

private static void Foo2(ref int[] A)

{
A[0] = A[0] + 1;
}
}
Microsoft 22
 Case 5: pass-by-result?

• Pass-by-result is identical to pass-by-ref, except:

– no value is passed in
– result is copied back upon method return

public class App

{
public static void Main()
{
int a, b;
ComputeXYZ(out a, out b);
System.Console.WriteLine("Results: " + a + ", " + b);
}

private static void ComputeXYZ(out int r1, out int r2)

{
r1 = ...;
r2 = ...;
}
}

Microsoft 23
 Part 4

• Statements…

Microsoft 24
 Statements in C#

• C# supports the standard assortment…

• Assignment
• Subroutine and function call
• Conditional
– if, switch
• Iteration
– for, while, do-while
• Control Flow
– return, break, continue, goto

Microsoft 25
 Examples

x = obj.foo();

if (x > 0 && x < 10)

count++;
else if (x == -1)
...
else {
... while (x > 0)
} {
...

x--;
} for (int k = 0; k < 10; k++)
{
...
}

Microsoft 26
 foreach

• Specialized foreach loop provided for collections like array

– reduces risk of indexing error
– provides read only access

int[] data = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
int sum = 0;

foreach foreach (int x in data)

{
sum += x;
}

type value collection

Microsoft 27
 Summary

• Standard OOP language support:

– namespaces
– classes
– methods
– statements

• Two types of methods

– instance methods require an object to call
– static methods are global and thus require only class name

Microsoft 28