CHAPTER 1

Overview of the ABAP/4

Dictionary
Definition and functions of the ABAP/4 Dictionary
Basic objects of the ABAP/4 Dictionary
The Database Utility

What is a Data Dictionary?
No Redundant Data Definitions
Functions of the ABAP/4
Dictionary
Integration with the ABAP/4
Development Workbench
Data Integrity
Data Integrity
No Redundant Data Definitions
Integration with the ABAP/4
Development Workbench
Basic Objects of the ABAP/4
Dictionary
Data Element 1 Data Element 2
Domain
Table C Table B Table A
Database Utility
Database
Utility
Database
CHAPTER 2
Data Modeling
What is data modeling?
Entities, attributes, & entity types
Data modeling vs. ABAP/4 Dictionary terminology
Relationships and relationship types
Cardinality
Optionality
Category
Data model hierarchies
Linking a data model to dictionary objects
Data Dictionary
Real World
What is Data Modeling?
Data Model
Uses of a Data Model
Entity
Customer
Basic Components of a Data
Model
Attribute
30 S. 17th St.
Entity Type
Order
Entity
Customer
Order
Product
Attribute
J. Elkins
Customer
30 S. 17th St.
215-555-8000
Entity Type
Customer
Order
Product
Data Modeler/
ABAP/4 Dictionary Terminology
Data Modeler ABAP/4
Dictionary
Customer: entity record
Customer address: attribute field
Customers: entity type table


Relationships between Entities
Customer
Order
Cardinality
One - to - Many
Many - to - Many
One - to - One
Many-to-Many Relationships
Order
Order Lines
1 A26
Qty Part #
3 C589
1 A27
Optionality
?
?
Customer
Order
Customer
Referenced and Dependent Entity
Types
Dependent Entity Type
Referenced Entity Type
Customer ID Name Address . . .
Order ID Date of Order Customer ID . . .
Customer
Order
Referenced
Dependent
SAP Graphic Notation
Example Using Graphic Notation
Customers Orders
Practice Using Graphic Notation
I
Professors
Students
Practice Using Graphic Notation
II
Professors
Students
Practice Using Graphic Notation
III
Students
Enrollment
Records
Courses
SAP Graphic Notation
with Text Notation
1
C
N
CN
1
C
N
CN
1
C
SAP Text Notation
n : m
Example Using Text Notation
Customers Orders
1 CN
:
Practice Using Text Notation I
Students
Professors
:
Practice Using Text Notation II
Students
Professors
:
Practice Using Text Notation III
Students
Enrollment
Records
Courses
:
Referential
Category
Hierarchical
Aggregating

?


Conditional-Referential
Specialization
Relationship Category:
Hierarchical
Faculty

Key:
Faculty Number
Course

Key:
Faculty Number
Course Number
Relationship Category:
Aggregating
Student

Key:
Student ID Number
Enrollment Record

Key:
Student ID Number
Course Number
Course

Key:
Course Number
Faculty

Key:
Faculty Number
Professor

Key:
Professor Number
Relationship Category:
Referential
Faculty

Key:
Faculty Number
Professor

Key:
Professor Number
Relationship Category:
Conditional-Referential
Business Customer

Key:
ID Number
Customer

Key:
ID Number
Relationship Category:
Specialization
Data Model Hierarchies
and the SAP EDM
General
Accounting
Chart of
Accounts
Currency
FI
. . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
SCREENSHOTS :
SCREENSHOTS : SD11 TRANSACTION - DATA MODELER
Linking a Data Model to
ABAP/4 Dictionary Objects
Data Model
CHAPTER 3
Dictionary Objects
Tables
Data Elements
Domains
Using a Table in an ABAP/4 Program
Accessing the ABAP/4
Dictionary
SCREENSHOT :
Basic Objects of the ABAP/4
Dictionary
Data Element 1 Data Element 2
Domain
Table C Table B Table A
Tables
TABLE KNA1
(Customers)
Name 1 ORT 02 MANDT KUNNR
Table: KNA1
SCREENSHOT: SE11 TRANSACTION - ABAP DICTIONARY
Two-Level Domain Concept
Data Element 1 Data Element 2
Domain
Data Elements
Data Element 1
Table B Table A
Pre-Defined Data Elements
Data Element Documentation
Enter a description (short text).
Enter domain name.
SCREENSHOT: SE11 - create, change and display data elements
TO CREATE A DATA ELEMENT :
FIELD LABEL LIMITS FOR SPACE MANAGEMENT
Maintain field labels
and column header.
Domains
Path Elements
Table A
Domain
Characteristics of Domains
Path Elements
Table A
Domain
Allowed Values
Value Table
January
February
March
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
December
Domain Domain
Benefits of Using Allowed Values
CREATE DOMAIN:
SCREENSHOT: SE11 to create, change and display domains
SCREENSHOT: CREATE TABLE THROUGH SE11
Enter a description (short text).
Table maintenance attribute
Maintain field attributes
Maintain delivery class
SCREENSHOT: CREATE TABLE THROUGH SE11
Using a Table in Program Code
TABLES: YEMPLOY.

SELECT * FROM YEMPLOY.

WRITE: / YEMPLOY_1D,
YEMPLOY_NAME,
YEMPLOY_SALARY.

ENDSELECT.
CHAPTER 4
Foreign Key Relationships
Definition & Uses of Foreign Keys
Prerequisites for Constructing Foreign Key
Relationships
Key Terminology
Cardinality and Foreign Key Field Types
Foreign Keys with Multiple Fields

Definition of Foreign Keys
Uses of Foreign Keys
Maintain data integrity
Provide help texts
Create aggregate
dictionary objects
Prerequisites for Constructing
Foreign Key Relationships
The foreign key field and the
primary key of the check
table must share the same
domain.
A value table must exist for
that domain.
Check Table
Value Table
Foreign Keys: Key Terminology
Foreign Key Table
Foreign Key Terminology:
Example 1
Check
Table
Value
Table
Foreign Key Terminology:
Example 2
Check
Table
Value
Table
Establishing a Foreign Key
Relationship in the ABAP/4
Dictionary
Cardinality
1
C
N
CN
1
C
n : m
Students
Check Table: Students
Foreign Key Table: Course Enrollment
Foreign Key Field Type
STUDENT_ID
?
Foreign Key Type:
Key Fields or Key Field
Candidates
Faculty Course
Foreign Key Type:
Key Fields of a Text Table
T005
(Country Codes)
(T002)
(Language Codes)
T005T
(Country descriptions)
Foreign Key Type:
Non-Key Field Candidates
Professor
Course
Enter a description (short text).
Maintain cardinality n : m
Maintain foreign
key type
Check table
(defaults to
value table)
Foreign Keys with Multiple
Fields
Check Table
Field-By-Field Assignment
Foreign Key Table
Partial Foreign Keys
Constant Foreign Keys
Generic foreign key
Constant foreign key
CHAPTER 5
ABAP/4 Dictionary Tables
in Relational Databases
SAP Table Types
Technical Settings
Indexes
SAP Table Types
View
Transparent Table
(TRANSP)
Structure (INTTAB)
Pool Table Cluster Table
Transparent Tables
Type = TRANSP
Master Data
Table Types TRANSP
in the Database
DB
PROFILE
Mapping a Table of Type
INTTAB
DB
PROFILE
Pool and Cluster Tables:
Overview
Pool Table Cluster Table
Master Transaction
Organization &
Customizing User
Technical Settings
Data class
Size category
Buffering
Log data changes
Number of data records in
DB storage
Single records, generic,
full, not buffered
on or off
Master data User data
Data Class
Organization and
customizing data
Transaction data
DB
Size Categories
Buffering Type
None
KF1 KF2 KF3 F4 F5 F6
Single Record
KF1 KF2 KF3 F4 F5 F6
Generic
KF1 KF2 KF3 F4 F5 F6
Full
Logging
Technical Settings
Index
GOTO ---> Indexes in SE11 Database table
DB
Database Utility
SCREENSHOT: SE14 - DATABASE UTILITY
CHAPTER 6
Adding Structures
Substructures
Customizing Includes
Append Structures

Table XYZ

.INCLUDE CI_XXX

Table T

.APPEND ZAT

Including Structures in Tables
Table YCUSTAB

.INCLUDE YSTRUC

Append Structures
Substructures Customizing Includes
Customer Tables SAP Tables
SAP Tables
Field 1
Field 2
...
Field n
Table Field Data element
YT2 S1
(TRANSP) S2

F1
Substructure
YS
Table Field Data element
YT1 S1
(TRANSP) S2

F1
.INCLUDE YS
.INCLUDE YS
YSF1 YSF2 YSF3...
Table Field Data element

XYZ S1
F1
. . .
Fn



Customizing Include
.INCLUDE CI_XXX
CI_XXX
.INCLUDE IN TABLES : example
Table Field Data element

T S1
F1
. . .
Fn



.APPEND ZAT
Append Structure
ZAT
ZAT-F1 ZAT-F2 ZAT-F3
APPENDING STRUCTURE INTO SAP TABLE: example
CHAPTER 7
ABAP/4 Repository
Information System
The Repository Information System
Object Searches (Find)
Use of Objects in Objects (Where-Used)
Searching for Objects Outside the Dictionary

ABAP/4 Repository Info System:
Typical Queries
ABAP/4
Dictionary
Find (Object Search)

Find all objects of
type A with
attributes X, Y, Z.
Where-used lists

Find all objects of
type A that use
object B
SCREENSHOT: SE84 - REPOSITORY INFO. SYSTEM
Find
Use the All selections
push-button to limit search criteria
on other object attributes
Enter a single
value for
the search
attributes or
use the arrow
push-buttons
for selection
options
Selection Options
Simplified Selection (single values)






=
>
<
Equal
Pattern
Greater than or equal
Less than or equal

>
<
Not equal
Exclude pattern
Greater than
Less than
Complex Selection (ranges)
[ ] ][
Inclusive Exclusive
Toggle push-buttons
Hit List Options I
Hit List Options II
Sort descending
Select all
Deselect all
Refresh Sort ascending
Where-Used List: Selection Screen
List of all
objects that
object may
be used in
Relationship between Objects
Where-Used and Sub-Objects Lists
Domains
Data
Elements
Program
Screen
Table
ABAP/4 Repository Info System
Modeling
ABAP/4 Dictionary
Programming
Environment
CHAPTER 8
ABAP/4 Dictionary Changes
Activation
Data Consistency and Conversion
Version Management
Miscellaneous Changes

Activation
Data Object
Activation Icon
ABAP/4 Dictionary
SCREENSHOT:
SCREENSHOT: SM31 TO PERFORM MASS ACTIVATION
SCREENSHOT: SA38 TRANSACTION
Activation
Background
Online
Activation
ABAP/4 Programs
Updates
Screen Painter
Log
Making Changes to Tables
Database Utility
DB
SCREENSHOT: SE14 TRANSACTION DB UTILITY
Change Key of Value Table
SAP Table
Versions
Version Management for Table, eg. Table MSEG
temporary versions
active version
modified (evised) version
Version Management
Display
Compare
Retrieve stored version of object
REMOTE compare
Processing Data Dictionary
Objects
Comparison and Adjustment
CHAPTER 9
ABAP/4 Dictionary Objects:
Views
Definition
Relational operations
Types of views
Using a view in program code

What is a View?
The Most Basic Form of a View
The Relational Operations
Table 2
Selection
View B
Table 1
Projection
View A
View C
Join
Table 4 Table 3
The Projection Operation
Projection
View A
Table 1
The Selection Operation
Selection
View B
Table 2
Specifying Selection Criteria
1 2 3 4 5
The Join Operation
Table 3
Join
Table 4
View C
The Necessity of the Join
Operation
ID Name Salary 1 Salary 2 Salary 3
Employee
Salary
ID Name Salary
5579 Smith $10,000.00
5580 Smith $11,000.00
5581 Smith $12,000.00
5582 Smith $13,000.00
Wrong
Understanding the Join Operation
ID Name
Employee
Salary
ID Salary
5579 $10,000.00
5580 $11,000.00
5581 $12,000.00
5582 $13,000.00
Right
The Join Operation and Foreign
Keys
View C
Join
Table 4 Table 3
Types of Views in the
ABAP/4 Dictionary
Database View
Projection View
Help View
Maintenance View
Structure and Entity Views
(obsolete)
Database
The Database View
DB
Database View
The Projection View
Projection View
Database vs. Projection Views
Database View Projection View
Other Types of Views
Help View
Maintenance View
Structure View
(obsolete)
Entity View
(obsolete)
Using a View in Program Code
TABLES: YEMPVIEW,
SELECT *
FROM YEMPVIEW
WRITE: / YEMPVIEW_ID,
YEMPVIEW_NAME,
YEMPVIEW_SALARY.
ENDSELECT.
CHAPTER 10
ABAP/4 Dictionary Objects:
Matchcodes
Matchcode objects
Matchcode IDs
Logically stored matchcodes
Physically stored matchcodes
Search Helps
Matchcodes
Click here
to see
matchcode
information
displayed
Matchcode object
YOGI
Matchcode ID
YOGI-1
UFACH
Defining Matchcodes
(Two-level Structure)
Result of
search:
faculty XXXX
UKURS
UPERS
Matchcode ID
YOGI-2
Matchcode ID
YOGI-3
Matchcode object
YOGI
fabnr
fbnam
krsnr
prfnr
kname
euna
adre
Matchcode Object
tables:
fields:
UFACH
UKURS
UPERS
Matchcode IDs
matchcode object
id#1
id#2
id#3
UFACH - FABNR
UFACH - FBNAM
UFACH - FABNR
UKURS - KNAME
UFACH - FABNR
UPERS - EUNA
UKURS - PRFNR
Update Type
I = Transparent MC
A = Asynchronous MC setup
.
.
S = Synchronous MC setup
.
.
K = MC in classification system
P = Program-driven MC setup
.
View M_YXXX1
Logical Matchcodes
(Update Types I and K)
Matchcode ID 1
Matchcode Object YXXX


Tables and fields available for id
PT ST2 ST1
PT
ST1
ST2
DB
Physical Matchcodes
(Update Type A, S, P)
M_Name
Matchcode object pool
Secondary table 1
Primary table
Secondary table 2
View structure
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
PT
ST1
ST2
View MC ID
M_NameA
M_NameB
M_NameC
Field selection, sequence and data
Join Join
1. Create the matchcode object.
2. Identify all the tables for the matchcode object.
5. Activate the matchcode object.
6. Create the matchcode id.
7. Define the update type
8. Select the fields and tables from the matchcode object.
9. Specify search conditions (if necessary).
10. Activate the matchcode id.
11. Repeat steps 6 - 10
for as many matchcode ids you need to create.
3. Select fields from those tables.
4. Identify the field that is being searched for.
Steps to Creating Matchcodes
Search Helps
Search helps are same as matchcodes. Its a new terminology that SAP
is following from its release 4.0 for the term matchcode. Search help
can be created in transaction SE11.

There two types of search helps simple i.e Elementary search helps and
complex i.e Collective Search helps.

When search helps are created a kind of view is created which contains
various fields from different tables that act as search parameters


Search Helps
Elementary search helps contain only one tab or screen that consists
various fields as search parameters.
Collective search helps are collection of elementary search helps. It
contains numerous tabs depending upon the number of elementary
search helps attached to it. Results obtained from collective search
helps are much more refined than as compared to elementary search
helps.
Search helps are always associated with a dictionary object at its data
element level. Both elementary or collective search helps can be
associated to the data element.

Add Description
Enter the table from which
search parameter is to be picked
Search parameter
Elementary Search help
Add Description
Enter the names of
elementary search helps
Collective Search Help
Various search parameters
are entered
Collective Search Help
Assigning search helps
Enter the name of the
search help
CHAPTER 11
Online Help, Documentation and
Type Groups
Documentation for Dictionary objects
F1 help
F4 help
Data element documentation/
supplemental documentation
Type groups

Online Help & Documentation
F4: Possible
Input Values
F1: Field Help
DE doc.
DE supp. doc.
Other
documentation:
Tables
Structures
Domains
Data Element Documentation
Table THLPF
Program Screen Table/field
No entry
necessary
DE Supplement
number
SCREENSHOT: SE61 TRANSACTION
Create Documentation
through F1 or Screen Painter
Type Groups
ABAP/4 Dictionary
ABAP/4 Editor

PROGRAM XYZ.


TYPE-POOL . . .
ABAP/4 Editor

PROGRAM 123.


TYPE-POOL . . .
ABAP/4 Editor

PROGRAM ABC.


TYPE-POOL . . .
TYPE GROUP
Type Group
ABAP/4 Editor
ABAP/4 Dictionary
ABAP/4 Program
run-time selection screen