PRINCIPLES &

PRACTICE
OF FIRST AID
JAGANNATHAN
ELECTRICAL ENGINEER
 welcome
to all the participants,
employees and staff
 First Aid
WHAT ?
WHO NEEDS ?
WHO CAN GIVE ?
WHEN ?
WHERE?
WHY?
HOW?
 First Aid
WHAT ?

THE IMMEDIATE
 HELP
 ASSISTANCE
 TREATMENT
 First Aid
WHO NEEDS ?

FOR A VICTIM OR CASUALTY

 AN ACCIDENT
 INJURY
 SUDDEN ILLENSS
 GET CAUGHT IN NATURAL
DISASTERS
 First Aid
WHO CAN GIVE ?

FIRST AIDER
 ANY PERSON
 PREFERABLY HAVING THE
KNOWLEDGE/SKILL OF FIRST AID

Qualities of a First Aider

 First Aid

 Common Sense
 Clear Observation
 Clear Thinking
 Courageous,
 Courteous
 Confident
 Cool, Calm
 Act Fast
 Methodical
 First Aid

WHERE TO GIVE FIRST AID ?

ON SPOT /PLACE OF ACCIDENT OR
INCIDENCE
 First Aid

WHEN TO GIVE ?

 IMMEDIATELY
 TEMPORARILY
 BEFORE/DURING SHIFTING/TAKING THE VICTIM
TO MEDICAL FACILITIES
 BEFORE THE ARRIVAL OF PROPER MEDICAL AID
–AMBULANCE OR QUALIFIED EQUIPPED
MEDICAL EXPERT
 First Aid

WHY FIRST AID ?

NEED/PURPOSE/AIM/OBJECTIVE

 To preserve the life

 To Promote Recovery

 To Prevent further Damage.

 Quick Transport of Casualty to a Medical Facility.

 First Aid

MANINTAIN AN OPEN AIRWAY BY POSITIONING THE CASUALTY

CORRECTLY
BEGIN RESUSCITATION IF THE CASUALTY IS NOT BREATHING AND THE
HEART IS NOT BEATING AND CONTINUE TREATMENT UNTIL SKILLED
MEADICAL AID IS AVAILABLE
CONTROL BLEEDING
 First Aid

PROVIDE COMFORTABLE SUPPORT FOR ANY

LARGE WOUND AND FRACTURES.
DRESS WOUNDS
PLACE THE CASUALTY IN THE MOST
COMFORTABLE POSITION CONSISTENT WITH
THE REQUIREMENT OF TREATMENT
 First Aid

 RELIEVE THE CASUALTY OF ANXIETY

AND ENCOURAGE CONFIDENCE.
 ATTEMPT TO RELIEVE THE CASUALTY OF
PAIN AND DISCOMFORT.
 HANDLE THE CASUALTY GENTLY
 PROTECT THE CASUALTY FROM THE
COLD AND WET.
First Aid
 First Aid---- How ???
RESPONSIBLITIES OF FIRST AIDER
EMERGENCY ACCIDENT DRILL

1. Assessment of area and victim

2 Diagnosis

3.Proper first aid according to priorities

4.Quick transport

CHAIN OF SURIVIAL
How to give first aid ???????
1. assessement
area
victim
2. Diagnosis
3. Priority first aid
4. Quick transport
 Priority of Treatment
 Examination & Diagnosis
 CPR
 Control Bleeding
 Treat Shock & Care of Unconscious Cases
 Fracture
 Burn
 Eye, Nose, Ear Injuries
 Multiple Superficial Injuries
 Transportation
 Qualities of a First Aider
 Common Sense
 Clear Observation
 Clear Thinking
 Courageous, Courteous
 Confident
 Cool, Calm
 Act Fast
 Methodical
CARDIO-PULMONARY
RESUSCITATION
HISTORY OF
CPR
 History of CPR
• Modern CPR developed in the late 50s and
early 60s. The discoverers of mouth-to-
mouth ventilation were Drs. James Elam
and Peter Safar.
• Though mouth-to-mouth resuscitation was
described in the Bible (mostly performed by
midwives to resuscitate newborns) it fell out
of practice until it was rediscovered in the
50s.
 History of CPR
• In early 1960 Drs. Kouwenhoven,
Knickerbocker, and Jude discovered the
benefit of chest compression to achieve a
small amount of artificial circulation.
• Later in 1960, mouth-to-mouth and chest
compression were combined to form CPR
similar to the way it is practiced today.
FACTS ABOUT
CPR
 Facts about CPR
• Sudden cardiac arrest is the leading cause of
death in adults.
• Most arrests occur in persons with underlying
heart disease.
• 75% of all cardiac arrests happen in people's
homes.
• The typical victim of cardiac arrest is a man in
his early 60s and a woman in her late 60s.
 Facts about CPR
• CPR doubles a person's chance of survival
from sudden cardiac arrest.
• There has never been a case of HIV transmitted
by mouth-to-mouth CPR.
• Cardiac arrest occurs twice as frequently in
men compared to women.
• 1 in 7 people get an opportunity to perform
CPR.
 Facts about CPR
• In sudden cardiac arrest the heart goes from a
normal heartbeat to a quivering rhythm called
Ventricular Fibrillation (VF).
• This happens in approximately 2/3rds of all
cardiac arrests. VF is fatal unless an electric
shock, called defibrillation, can be given.
• CPR does not stop VF but CPR extends the
window of time in which defibrillation can be
effective.
 Facts about CPR
• CPR provides a trickle of oxygenated blood to
the brain and heart and keeps these organs alive
until defibrillation can shock the heart into a
normal rhythm.
• If CPR is started within 4 minutes of collapse
and defibrillation provided within 10 minutes a
person has a 40% chance of survival.
ADMINISTERING
CPR
 Administering CPR
1. Make sure the scene is safe for you to help.
2. Make sure you have universal precautions:
gloves, pocket mask, etc.
3. Make sure you know how many patients you
have.
4. Determine if he / she is conscious by tapping
and shouting “Are you OK?”
5. If no response have someone call for an
Ambulance.
6. Position the patient on his / her back.
 Administering CPR
7. Open the airway with a head-tilt
chin-lift or jaw-thrust maneuver.

8. LOOK-LISTEN-&-FEEL
for breaths.CHECK BREATHING
for 5-10 seconds.

9. If he/she is not breathing,

VENTILATE TWICE.
 Administering CPR
10. Check for a pulse by palpating
(feeling) the carotid artery.
Check the pulse for 10 seconds.

11. If there is no pulse, begin chest compressions

at a rate of 15 compressions for 2 breaths.

12. Recheck the pulse after 1 minute.

 Administering CPR
CONTINUE UNTIL HELP ARRIVES,
OR UNTIL YOU FEEL TOO TIRED
TO CONTINUE.
 CPR
FOR CHILDREN
(AGE 1-8)
 Administering CPR
CPR for children is similar to performing CPR
for adults. There are, however, 4 differences -
1. If you are alone with the child give one minute
of CPR before calling for an ambulance.
2. Use the heel of one hand for chest
compressions.
3. Press the sternum down 1 to 1.5 inches.
4. Give 1 full breath followed by 5 chest
compressions.
 CPR
FOR INFANTS
(AGE <1)
 Administering CPR
1. Shout and Tap
Shout and gently tap the child on the shoulder.
If there is no response, position the infant on
its back.

2. Open The Airway

Open the airway using a head tilt / chin lift.
Do not tilt the head too far back.
 Administering CPR
3. Give 2 Breaths
If the baby is NOT breathing give 2 small
gentle breaths. Cover the baby's mouth and
nose with your mouth. Each breath should be
1.5 to 2 seconds long. You should see the
baby's chest rise with each breath.
 Administering CPR
4. Give 5 Compressions
Give five gentle chest compressions at the rate
of 100 per minute. Position your index and
middle fingers in the center of the chest half
an inch below the nipples. Press down only
1/2 to 1 inches.
 Administering CPR
5. Repeat
Repeat with 1 breath and 5 compressions.
After 1 minute of repeated cycles call for an
ambulance and continue giving breaths and
compressions.
SHOCK
 Shock
• Shock is an emergency condition.
• It can occur when blood flow or blood volume
is too low to meet the body's needs.
• With shock, areas of the body are deprived of
oxygen.
• The result is damage to parts of the body such
as the limbs, lungs, heart and brain.
 Causes of Shock
• Heart attack.
• Severe or sudden blood loss from an injury or
serious illness.
• Large drop in body fluids such as following a
severe burn or severe vomiting and/or
diarrhea.
• Blood poisoning from major infections.
• Exposure to extreme heat or cold for too long.
 Shock - Other conditions
• Fractures of a large bone.
• A severe allergic reaction.
• Very low blood sugar such as occurs with
diabetes (insulin shock).
• Excessive drinking of alcohol.
• Drug overdose.
 Shock – Signs & Symptoms

• Weakness, trembling, restlessness, confusion.

• Pale or blue-colored lips, skin and/or
fingernails.
• Cool and moist skin.
• Weak, but fast pulse.
• Rapid, shallow breathing.
• Nausea, vomiting.
• Enlarged pupils.
• Extreme thirst.
• Loss of consciousness.
FIRST AID
 Shock – First Aid
• Lay the person down, face up.
• Elevate the feet about 1 foot with a box or
rolled blankets. This causes blood to flow
from the legs to the head and vital organs in
the body. [Do not raise the feet or lower the
head if you suspect the person has a head,
neck, back or leg injury].
• Do not raise feet or move legs if hip or leg
bones are broken. Keep the victim lying flat.
 Shock – First Aid
• Loosen tight clothing. Then, cover the person
with a coat or blanket to prevent heat loss.
Place insulation between the person and the
ground. [Do not use hot-water bottles or
electric blankets to try to warm the person.]
• Monitor for breathing and pulse every so
often.
 Shock – First Aid
• Do not give any food or liquids. If the person
asks for water, moisten the lips, but do not
allow him or her to drink any fluids.
• Reassure the person. Make him or her as
comfortable as you can.
• If the person vomits, roll him or her on the
side so the vomit does not back up into the
windpipe and lungs.
 Shock – First Aid
• If the victim is bleeding, control bleeding.
• If the victim has breathing difficulty, elevate
head and shoulders or put him/her in a half-
sitting position to make it easier for him/ her
to breathe if no head, neck or spine injury.
• If the victim is not breathing and has no pulse
perform CPR.
 TRANSFER THE PATIENT TO
A HOSPITAL ON TOP PRIORITY
 Shock – First Aid
• Once shock has been treated and all danger
has passed, the person should rest until totally
recovered.
• While in bed, the person should move his or
her legs to reduce the risk of blood clots in the
deep veins of the legs.
ELECTRIC SHOCK
 Electric Shock
 People can be electrocuted when they touch
high-tension wires that fall during a storm or
are struck by lightning.
 A bolt of lightning carries as many as 30
million volts, more than 2,50,000 times the
voltage of ordinary household current.
 July is the most dangerous month for
lightning.
 Electric Shocks result in
 Slight shocking sensations.
 Muscle spasms.
 Seizures.
 Interrupted breathing.
 Irregular heart beats.
 Third degree burns (at the spots where the
electricity enters and exits the body).
 Unconsciousness.
 First Aid – High Voltage Electric
Shock
 Do not try to remove the person from the wire
and stay at least 20 ft away. Make an
emergency call to the power company right
away. Be able to state the location of the high
voltage wire. Act fast. Call for medical
assistance and state the problem quickly.
 Do not remove the victim from the electric
source until the power source has been shut
off.
 First Aid – High Voltage Electric
Shock
 Check for heartbeat and breathing. Feel for a
pulse along the neck, under the earlobe, on the
chest or on the wrist. Watch the rise and fall of
the chest to see if the person is breathing. If
there is no heartbeat and no breathing,
administer CPR.
 If there is a heartbeat, but no breathing,
immediately start rescue breathing.
 First Aid – High Voltage Electric
Shock
 Check for burns and treat as third degree
burns.
 If the person is breathing, put them in the
recovery position.
 First Aid – High Voltage Electric
Shock
 Separate the person from the source of electric
current using a dry broom handle or other type
of non-conducting material such as wood or
rubber. It may be easier to loop dry rope or
cloth, throw it around a person's arm or leg
and drag the person away from the live wire.
 First Aid – High Voltage Electric
Shock
 Or, dry your hands and put on dry gloves or
use a dry cloth. Stand on something dry like a
stack of newspapers, a thick book or a rubber
door mat before removing the person from the
source of the electric shock. Unless you do
this first, you may also get a shock when you
touch the person.
 First Aid – Low Voltage Electric
Shock
 Switch off the current, if possible, by
removing the fuse or switching off the circuit
breaker.
 Do not touch the person who is in contact with
electricity.
 If you can't turn off the source of current, use
a board, wooden stick, rope or other non-
insulating device to pull the victim away from
the source of the electric current. Make sure
your hands and feet are dry and you are
standing on a dry surface.
 First Aid – Low Voltage Electric
Shock
If it is safe for you to touch the victim -
 check for heartbeat and breathing. Feel for a
pulse along the neck, under the earlobe, on the
chest or on the wrist. Watch the rise and fall of
the chest to see if the person is breathing. If no
heartbeat and no breathing, administer CPR.
 If there is a heartbeat, but no breathing,
immediately start rescue breathing.
 Check for burns and treat as third degree
burns.
 Electric Shock-Prevention

 Take a first aid course that covers electrical a

resuscitation (CPR).
 Install Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters
(GFCIs) in wall outlets located in bathroom,
kitchens, basements, garages and outdoor
boxes. These act as circuit breakers. When an
electrical appliance falls into the water, the
current is instantly cut off.
 Electric Shock-Prevention

 Cover all electric sockets with plastic safety

caps so children can't stick their fingers or a
metal object in the sockets.
 Replace worn cords and wiring.
 Never use an electrical appliance, like a radio
or curling iron, near water. Only buy hair
dryers and curling irons that have built-in
shock protectors.
 Electric Shock-Prevention

 Never turn electrical switches on or off, or

touch an electric appliance with wet hands,
while standing in water or sitting in a bathtub.
 Know the location of fuse boxes and circuit
breakers in your home and place of work.
 Electric Shock-Prevention

 Remove the appropriate fuse or switch off the

circuit breaker before doing household
electrical repairs.
 Turning off the appliance or light switch is not
enough - pay attention to weather warnings.
 Find a safe place inside, away from windows
and doors.
 And, don't iron or use the telephone during a
thunderstorm.
 Electric Shock-Prevention

 Avoid tall trees, metal items, open water and

high ground during a thunderstorm. If you are
caught outside, look for a ravine or other low-
lying place and crawl in.
 Install a lightning rod on your house.
 Electric Shock-Prevention

Take care when rescuing someone who has

been electrocuted so you do not become a
victim as well.
DROWNING
 Drowning
Drowning is the fourth leading cause of
accidental death. Each year, over 4,000 people
drown and about one-third of them are
children under 14 years of age.
 Drowning
 It takes very little water for a child to drown.
In fact, as little as two inches of water in a
bathtub, sink or shower can kill a toddler.
 Adults drown under different conditions.
When the weather is hot, for example, adults
are tempted to cool off with alcoholic
beverages while swimming and boating.
Alcohol interferes with good judgment and is
a major factor in adult drownings.
DROWNING
- CAUSES
 Drowning - Causes
• Leg or stomach cramps.
• Loss of consciousness.
• Playing in water too deep and too rough for
one's ability to swim.
• Not knowing how to swim.
• Stroke / Heart attack.
• Falling through the ice while fishing, skating
or snow-mobiling during the winter
• Not wearing life preservers.
DROWNING
FIRST AID
 Drowning - Note

Saving a drowning person carries risk. Before

swimming out to someone in trouble, be sure
you can handle the situation. Many people
drown in the brave effort of trying to save
someone else because they are not well trained
and have not properly thought through the
risks of the situation.
 Drowning – First Aid

 First try to reach the person with a pole or

extended hand. If you can't reach him or her,
use a life preserver or rope.
 If the person is further than you can reach and
you decide to enter the water, approach the
person carefully and from behind. Talk to the
person, trying to calm him or her as you
slowly move closer. Get the person to talk.
Ask if everything is all right and tell him or
her to do as you instruct.
 Drowning – First Aid
 Grab a piece of clothing or cup one hand
under the person's chin and pull the person on
his or her back to shore.
 Tell the person to extend his or her arms away
from you. Continue talking to the person to
reassure him or her.
 Start rescue breathing right away if the person
has stopped breathing.
 Drowning – First Aid
If the Person Unconscious, Not Breathing and
has No Pulse -
 get the victim out of the water (watch out for
Neck & Spinal injuries if you suspect the
victim has injured his or her neck in a diving
or other water accident)
 administer CPR (start CPR in the water if safe
to do so).
 Drowning – First Aid
If the person is not breathing, but has a pulse
 get the victim out of the water.
 do rescue breathing.
 start rescue breathing in the water if it is safe
to do so.
 Drowning – First Aid
If the Person has Blue Lips and Ears & the
Skin is Cold and Pale –
 Get the victim out of the water.
 Monitor for breathing and pulse.
 If no breathing and no pulse, do CPR.
 If no breathing, but there is a pulse, do rescue
breathing.
 Drowning – First Aid
 If victim is breathing and has a pulse, put him
or her in the recovery position. This position
keeps the airway clear and allows swallowed
water or vomit to drain.
 Take cold, wet clothes off the victim and
cover him or her with something warm to
prevent hypothermia.
 Drowning – First Aid
If after a near-drowning incident, the person
has a fever, cough or muscle pain -
 Self-care procedures do not apply to near-
drowning victims.
 So the victim should see his health care
provider because lung problems are common
following a near-drowning episode.
DROWNING -
PREVENTION
 Drowning – Prevention
To Prevent a Child from Drowning –
 Never leave a child alone near water,
swimming pools or any large container of
water.
 Never turn away from an infant in a baby
bathtub or one sitting in a bathtub "supporting
ring". A child could drown or get seriously
injured in the seconds it takes to answer a
phone or go to the door.
 Drowning – Prevention
To Prevent a Child from Drowning –
 Teach your child to swim. Classes for children
as young as six months teach them how to
kick so if they fall in the water, they can break
through the water surface.
 Drowning – Prevention
 Tell your children never to swim alone and
never to swim too far from shore without the
company of an experienced adult swimmer.
 Warn your children to always check the depth
of water before diving in.
 Build a secure fence around your swimming
pool and install self-closing and self-latching
gates. Make sure the gates are always locked.
 Drowning – Prevention
 Make sure neighbors also have high fences
with locked gates around their pools.
 Consider using a cordless phone out-of-doors
so you can call emergency right away in the
event of emergency.
 Keep young children out of the bathroom
unless supervised by an adult. Put child-proof
handles on door knobs, if necessary.
 Take CPR and water safety courses.
 Drowning – Prevention
To Prevent an Adult from Drowning -
 Swim, when possible, in sight of a lifeguard.
 Never swim alone at the beach or in a
swimming pool. Someone should be nearby in
case you suffer a leg cramp or other potential
emergency.
 Never swim alone in unknown waters.
 Drowning – Prevention
To Prevent an Adult from Drowning -
 Never sit alone in a hot tub. And, do not
immerse yourself in a hot tub if you've had
any alcoholic drinks. You could fall asleep in
the warm, relaxing water, slip under the
surface and drown.
 Drowning – Prevention
 Learn to swim. Take classes at your local
YMCA or in adult education programs offered
at city schools.
 If you can't swim, always wear a personal
flotation device when you enter a lake, a pool
or ride in a boat.
 Always check the depth of the water before
diving. It should be at least 9 feet deep.
 Take a CPR and water safety course.
SEIZURES
 A seizure is an out-of-control misfire between
nerve cells in the brain.
 Normal brain functions are impaired with a
seizure.
 Seizure – Causes
 High fevers in children. This kind of seizure is
called a fever fit. A temperature higher than
102° F can set off a fever fit. These seizures
are generally harmless.
 Epilepsy, a brain disorder. Seizure is the most
common symptom of epilepsy.
 Brain injury, tumor or stroke.
 Electric shock.
 Heat stroke.
 Seizure – Causes
 Poisons.
 Infections.
 Reactions or overdoses to medicines or drugs.
 Reye's Syndrome.
 Snakebites.
 Vaccinations.
 Breath-holding.
 Seizure – Types
 Partial Seizure - Affects small areas of the
brain.
 General Seizure - Affects the whole brain and
can cause loss of consciousness and/or
convulsions. This is the type most people
associate with a seizure.
 Convulsive Seizures - Symptoms

 Crying out.
 Falling down.
 Losing consciousness.
 Entire body stiffening.
 Uncontrollable jerks and twitches.
 Convulsive Seizures - Symptoms

 The sufferer's muscles relax after the seizure.

He or she may lose bowel and bladder control
and may be confused, sleepy and have a
headache.
 Most seizures last from 1-5 minutes. A fever
fit can last from 1-10 minutes.
 First Aid - General
 Most seizures in people who have epilepsy
and in children with high fevers do not need
medical care.
 If you see someone having a convulsive
seizure without other problems, Do "First Aid
for Convulsive Seizures"
 First Aid - General
If the seizure is due to a fever, lower the
person's temperature as soon as the seizure
stops -
 Sponge the body with lukewarm water.
 Do not use rubbing alcohol.
 Do not use ice because it drops the
temperature too fast.
 Do not put the person in a bathtub.
 First Aid - Convulsive Seizures

 Stay calm.
 Protect the victim from injury. Cushion the
head with a soft object such as pillow, coat or
blanket.
 Move sharp objects out of the way.
 Loosen tight clothes around the neck.
 Place the person on his or her side.
 Clear the mouth of vomit if there is any.
 First Aid - Convulsive Seizures

 Do not try to hold the victim down.

 Do not put a spoon or anything into the mouth
to prevent tongue biting.
 Do not give anything to eat or drink.
 Do not give medication.
 Do not throw water on the victim's face.
 First Aid - Convulsive Seizures

 Note how many minutes the seizure/s last/s

and observe the symptoms that take place so
you can report these to the doctor.
 Offer to help the victim when the seizure is
over. Do not embarrass the victim.
 First Aid - Children
 Prevent injury to the child during the seizure:
 Keep the child from falling and hitting his or
her head on a table edge or any sharp object.
 Cushion the child's head.
 Move furniture, toys and such out of the way.
 First Aid - Children
 Make sure his or her air passage is open.
Gently pull on the jaw as you extend the neck
backwards.
 Roll the child on the side to allow saliva to
drain from the mouth.
 Dress the child in light, loose-fitting clothing
and put him or her to sleep in a cool room.
 Fever Fit Prevention
The best way to prevent a fever fit is to reduce
the fever fast. This is especially important for
a child who has had a fever fit in the past. He
or she is more likely to have another one with
future fevers.
 Fever Fit Prevention
When your child has a fever -
 Dress him / her in light-weight clothes or
remove most of his or her clothes. Don't use
more than a top sheet or one blanket on your
child when he / she sleeps.
 Apply cold washcloths to your child's
forehead and neck. Sponge the rest of his / her
skin with cold water. Don't use rubbing
alcohol.
 Fever Fit Prevention
 Give the dose of acetaminophen the label
states for your child's weight or age.
 Continue trying to reduce the fever until it is
101º F or less.
 Ask you child's doctor about suppositories that
lower fevers if your child has had a fever fit in
the past. Using one at the first sign of a fever
may prevent a seizure.
BURNS
 Burns
Burns can result from -
 Dry heat (fire).
 Moist heat (steam, hot liquids).
 Electricity.
 Chemicals.
 Radiation (i.e. sunlight)
 Thermal Burns
 Occur due to any external heat source capable
of raising the temperature of skin and deeper
tissues to a level that causes cell death and
protein coagulation or charring
 The most common causes are flame, scalding
liquids, and hot objects or gases contacting the
skin.
 Electrical Burns
 These result from the generation of heat,
which may reach 5000°C (9032°F)
 Because most of the resistance to electric
current occurs where the conductor contacts
the skin, electrical burns usually affect the
skin and subjacent tissues; they may be of
almost any size and depth.
 Chemical Burns
 These may be due to strong acids or alkalis,
phenols, cresols, mustard gas, or phosphorus
 All of these agents produce necrosis, which
may extend slowly for several hours.
 Radiation Burns
 These are most commonly due to prolonged
exposure to the sun's ultraviolet radiation
(sunburn) but may be due to prolonged or
intense exposure to other sources of ultraviolet
radiation (e.g., from tanning beds) or to
sources of X-ray or other radiation.
 Burns - Classification
 First Degree
 Second Degree
 Third Degree
 Burns – First Degree
 Affect only the outer skin layer
 The area appears dry, red, and mildly swollen
 A 1st degree burn is painful and sensitive to
touch
 Mild sunburn and brief contact with a heat
source such as a hot iron are examples of 1st
degree burns
 1st degree burns should feel better within a day
or two. They should heal in about a week if
there are no other problems.
 Burns – Second Degree
 Affect the skin's lower layers as well as the
outer skin
 They are painful, swollen, and show redness
and blisters. The skin also develops a weepy,
watery surface
 Examples of second degree burns are severe
sunburn, burns caused by hot liquids and a
flash from gasoline.
 Burns – Third Degree
 Affect the outer and deeper skin layers as well
as any underlying tissue and organs
 They appear black and white and charred. The
skin is swollen and underlying tissue is often
exposed
 There may be no pain at all when nerve
endings are destroyed. Pain may be felt around
the margin of the affected area, however.
 Burns – Third Degree
 Third degree burns usually result from electric
shocks, burning clothes, severe gasoline fires
and the like
 They always require emergency treatment.
They may result in hospitalization and
sometimes require skin grafts.
 Burns – Assessment
 The extent of burns in a patient is assessed in
terms of %BSA (Body Surface Area) to plan
the line of management and to determine the
prognosis.
 The involved areas are outlined on a burn
diagram.
Burns – Rule of Nines
For adults, the
extent of the burn
(%BSA) is
estimated by
comparing the
patient’s diagram
with the rule of
nines
 Burns – Lund-Browder Chart

For children the % BSA can be more

accurately estimated using the Lund-Browder
Chart
Lund-Browder Chart
 First Aid - General
 Stop the burn source. For example, turn off
electric current, "stop, drop and roll" on the
floor or ground or douse with cold water or
wrap the victim in a cotton blanket or rug to
put out flames
 Remove clothing, but only if it doesn't stick to
burned area. Cut unstuck clothing away. Don't
pull it off
 Remove jewellery, if you can.
 First Aid – First Degree
 Cool the area right away. Place the affected
area in a container of cold water or under cold
running water. Do this for at least 5 - 10
minutes or until the pain is relieved. This will
also reduce the amount of skin damage. (If the
affected area is dirty, gently wash it with
soapy water first)
 Do not apply ice or cold water for too long a
time. This may result in complete numbness
leading to frostbite.
 First Aid – First Degree
 Keep the area uncovered and elevated, if
possible. Apply a dry dressing, if necessary
 Do not use butter or other ointments (E.g.
Vaseline)
 Avoid using local anesthetic sprays and
creams. They can slow healing and may lead
to allergic reactions in some people.
 First Aid – 1st Degree
 Call your doctor if after 2 days you show signs
of infection (fever of 101 degrees F or higher,
chills, increased redness, swelling, or pus in
the infected area) or if the affected area is still
painful
 Take Aspirin, Paracetamol, Ibuprofen, or
Naproxen Sodium to relieve pain.
 First Aid – 2nd Degree
 Immerse the affected area in cold water (not
ice) until the pain subsides
 Dip clean cloths in cold water, wring them out
and apply them over and over again to the
burned area for as long as an hour. Blot the
area dry. Do not rub.
 First Aid – 2nd Degree
 Do not break any blisters that have formed
 Avoid applying antiseptic sprays, ointments,
and creams
 Once dried, dress the area with a single layer
of loose gauze that does not stick to the skin.
Hold in place with bandage tape that is placed
well away from the burned area.
 First Aid – 2nd Degree
 Change the dressing the next day and every
two days after that
 Prop the burnt area higher than the rest of the
body, if possible
 Call your doctor if there are signs of infection
(fever of 101 degrees F or higher, chills,
increased redness and swelling, and pus) or if
the burn shows no sign of improvement after 2
days.
 First Aid – 3rd Degree
 If the arm(s) or leg(s) are burned, elevate them
above heart level. If the burn is on the face, sit
up or have the victim sit up
 Cool the burned skin with cool water, not ice.
Don't use cold water on large, third degree
burns. Don't immerse in ice water. Use cold
cloth compresses on burns of the hands, feet
and face, but don't leave on longer than 15-20
minutes.
 First Aid – 3rd Degree
 Cover the burned area with a clean cloth or
sterile dressing. Don't use plastic
 Don't apply any type of ointment, cream,
butter or antiseptic sprays on the burn
 Calm the victim
 Don't give the victim anything to drink or eat
 Monitor for breathing and pulse and shock
FAINTING
 Fainting
Fainting is a brief loss of consciousness.
Someone who faints may pass out for several
seconds or up to an hour.
 Fainting – Causes
 Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) which is
common in early pregnancy.
 Anemia.
 Any condition in which there is a rapid loss of
blood. This can be from internal bleeding such as
with a peptic ulcer, or a tubal pregnancy or
ruptured ovarian cyst in females.
 Fainting – Causes
 Heart and circulatory problems such as
abnormal heart rhythm, heart attack or stroke.
 Heat stroke or heat exhaustion
 Eating disorders such as anorexia, bulimia.
 Toxic shock syndrome.
 A sudden change in body position like standing
up too quickly (postural hypotension).
 Extreme pain.
 Fainting – Causes
 Any procedure in women that stretches the
cervix such as having an IUD inserted, especially
in women who have never been pregnant.
 Sudden emotional stress or fright.
 Anxiety
 Taking some prescription medicines. Examples
are: some that lower high blood pressure,
tranquilizers, antidepressants, or even some over-
the-counter medicines when taken in excessive
amounts.
 Fainting – Causes
The risk for fainting increases if you are in hot,
humid weather, are in a stuffy room or have
consumed excessive amounts of alcohol.
 Fainting – Causes
Just before fainting, a person may -
 Feel a sense of dread.
 Feel dizzy.
 See spots before his or her eyes.
 Have nausea.
 DOS AND DON'TS
WHEN SOMEONE IS
ABOUT TO FAINT OR FAINTS.
 Fainting – Dos
 Catch the person before he or she falls.
 Have the person lie down with the head below
the level of the heart. Raise the legs 8 to 12
inches. This promotes blood flow to the brain. If
a victim who is about to faint can lie down right
away, he or she may not lose consciousness.
 Fainting – Dos
 Turn the victim's head to the side so the tongue
doesn't fall back into the throat.
 Loosen any tight clothing.
 Apply moist towels to the person's face and
neck.
 Keep the victim warm, especially if the
surroundings are chilly.
 Fainting – Don'ts
 Don't slap or shake anyone who's just fainted.
 Don't try to give the person anything to eat or
drink, not even water, until they are fully
conscious.
 Don't allow the person who's fainted to get up
until the sense of physical weakness passes.
 Fainting – Self-Care / First Aid

When you feel faint -

 Sit down, bend forward and put your head
between your knees, or
 Lie down and elevate both legs 8 to 12 inches.
 Fainting – Don'ts
If you faint easily -
 Get up slowly from bed or from a sitting
position.
 Follow your doctor's advice to treat any medical
condition which may lead to fainting. Take
medicines as prescribed, but let your doctor know
about any side effects so he/she can monitor your
condition.
 Don't wear tight-fitting clothing around your
neck.
 Fainting – Don'ts
 Avoid turning your head suddenly.
 Stay out of stuffy rooms and hot, humid places.
If you can't, use a fan.
 Avoid activities that can put your life in danger
if you have frequent fainting spells. Examples
include: Driving and climbing high places.
 Drink alcoholic beverages in moderation.
 Fainting – Dos
For Pregnant Women -
 Get out of bed slowly.
 Keep crackers by your bedside and eat a few
before getting out of bed. Try other foods such as
dry toast, graham crackers, bananas, etc.
 Eat small, frequent meals instead of a few large
ones. Have a good food source of protein, such as
lean meat, low-fat cheese, milk, etc. with each
meal. Avoid sweets. Don't skip meals or go for a
long time without eating.
 Fainting – Don'ts
 Don't sit for long periods of time.
 Keep your legs elevated when you sit.
 When you stand, as in a line, don't stand still.
Move your legs to pump blood up to your heart.
 Take vitamin and mineral supplements as your
doctor prescribes.
 Never lay on your back during the 3rd trimester.
It is best to lay on your left side. If you can't, lay
on your right side.
UNCONSCIOUSNESS
 Unconsciousness
Unconsciousness is caused by illness, injury or
emotional shock. An unconscious person is hard
to rouse or can't be made aware of his or her
surroundings.
 Levels of
Unconsciousness
 Brief - Examples are fainting or blacking out.
 Longer - The victim is incoherent when roused.
 Prolonged - A person in a coma, for example,
can be motionless and not at all aware of his or
her surroundings for a very long time.
 Unconsciousness - Causes
 Carbon Monoxide poisoning.
 Hypothermia (low body temperature usually
caused by over-exposure to cold temperatures or
cold water).
 Stroke.
 Shock.
 Epilepsy.
 Unconsciousness - Causes
 Heat exhaustion.
 Diabetic coma.
 Excessive bleeding.
 Alcohol abuse.
 Drug overdose.
 Poisoning.
 Head injury/concussion.
 Unconsciousness - Causes
 Low blood sugar.
 Too fast, too slow and/or irregular heartbeats.
 Heart attack.
 Medications.
 Hypothermia (very low body temperature).
 Heart valve disease.
 Unconsciousness – Common Signs

 Loss of all special senses - Vision, Smell,

Hearing, Touch.
 Inability to swallow any fluid poured in the
mouth.
 Loss of control of bowel & bladder movements.
 Unconsciousness – General First
Aid
 Ensure an abundant supply of fresh air. Open
windows & doors, if indoors.
 Remove false teeth, if any, turn the head to one
side and pull the tongue out for free passage of
air.
 If breathing has stopped, turn the patient into
supine position and commence rescue
breathing/CPR.
 Unconsciousness – General First
Aid
 If breathing is noisy, turn the patient into
recovery position.
 Untie all tight clothing around the neck, chest &
waist.
 DO NOT leave the patient alone until expert
help arrives.
 DO NOT attempt to give food or fluids.
INJURIES
 Injuries - Types
 Cuts (Lacerated & Incised Wounds).
 Scrapes (Abrasions)
 Punctures.
 Sprains.
 Contusions.
Wounds - Types
Wound is a break in the continuity of the soft
tissues of the body, mainly skin.
 Injuries
 Cuts, scrapes, and punctures can all result in
bleeding. Sprains result in pain and swelling.
 Cuts slice the skin open.
 Scrapes hurt only the top part of the skin.
 Punctures stab deep.
 Strain occurs when a muscle or tendon is
overstretched or overexerted.
 First Aid - Cuts
 Press on the cut to help slow down the
bleeding. You may have to apply pressure for
10 minutes or more for a bad cut. Sometimes a
cut needs stitches.
 Apply a bandage over the cut.
 First Aid - Cuts
 Leave the bandage on for 24 hours. Change the
bandage every day or two or more often if you
need to.
 Be careful when you take the bandage off. You
don't want to make the cut bleed again. If you
have used gauze, wet it before you pull it off.
 First Aid - Cuts
 Let the wound bleed to clean itself out.
 Remove the object that caused the puncture.
Use clean tweezers. Hold a lit match to the
ends of the tweezers to sterilize them.
 Note - Don't pull anything out of a puncture
wound if blood gushes from it, or if it has been
bleeding badly. Get emergency care.
 First Aid - Punctures
 Wash the wound with warm water and soap, or
take a bath or shower to clean it.
 Leave the wound open. Cover it with a
bandage if it is big or still bleeds a little.
 Soak the wound in warm, soapy water 2 to 3
times a day.
 Sprains & Strains
 Treatment for sprains and strains will depend
on the extent of damage done to the muscle,
ligament or tendon.
 Self-help measures may be all that are needed
for mild injuries.
 Severe sprains may require medical treatment.
Some sprains require a cast. Others may need
surgery if the tissue affected is torn.
 First Aid - Sprains
Apply R.I.C.E.
 Rest the injured area for 24 to 48 hours.
 Ice the area for 5 to 20 minutes every hour for
the first 48 to 72 hours or until the area no
longer looks or feels hot.
 First Aid - Sprains
R.I.C.E.
 Compress the area by wrapping it tightly with
an elastic bandage for 30 minutes, then unwrap
it for 15 minutes. Begin wrapping from the
point farthest from the heart and wrap toward
the center of the body. Repeat several times.
 Elevate the area to reduce swelling. Prop it up
to keep it elevated while you sleep.
 First Aid - Sprains
 Remove rings right away if you have sprained
a finger or other part of your hand. (If swelling
occurs, the rings may have to be cut off.)
 Use crutches for a badly sprained ankle.
Crutches keep you from putting weight on the
ankle which could cause further damage. Using
them will help speed healing.
 Prevent Slips & Falls
 Wear shoes and boots with non-skid soles.
 Install sturdy hand rails on both sides of
stairways.
 Use rubber mats or adhesive-backed strips in
bathtubs and shower stalls. Installing a support
bar is also recommended.
 Make sure light switches are located near all
room entrances inside of the house and to
entrances outside.
 Prevent Slips & Falls
 Use a night light between the bedroom and
bathroom or in the hallway at night.
 Keep stairways and foot traffic areas clear of
shoes, toys, tools and other clutter.
 Floor coverings should be kept skid-proof.
Vinyl floors should be cleaned with non-skid
wax.
 Carpeting should be secured to the floor. Area
rugs should have non-skid backing.
 Dos and Don'ts of Proper Lifting

Dos
 Wear good shoes with low heels, not sandals or
high heels.
 Stand close to the thing you want to lift.
 Plant your feet squarely, shoulder width apart.
 Bend at the knees, not at the waist. Keep your
knees bent as you lift.
 Dos and Don'ts of Proper Lifting

Dos
 Pull in your stomach and rear-end. Keep your
back as straight as you can.
 Hold the object close to your body.
 Lift slowly. Let your legs carry the weight.
 Get help or use a dolly to move something that
is too big or very heavy.
 Dos and Don'ts of Proper Lifting

Don'ts
 Don't lift if your back hurts.
 Don't lift if you have a history of back trouble.
 Don't lift something that's too heavy.
 Don't lift heavy things over your head. Don't
lift anything heavy if you're not steady on our
feet.
 Dos and Don'ts of Proper Lifting

Don'ts
 Don't bend at the waist to pick something up.
 Don't arch your back when you lift or carry.
 Don't lift too fast or with a jerk.
 Dos and Don'ts of Proper Lifting

Don'ts
 Don't twist your back when you are holding
something. Turn your whole body, from head
to toe.
 Don't lift something heavy with one hand and
something light with the other. Balance the
load.
 Dos and Don'ts of Proper Lifting

Don'ts
 Don't try to lift one thing while you hold
something else. For example, don't try to pick
up a child while you are holding a grocery bag.
Put the bag down or lift the bag and the child at
the same time.
SNAKEBITES
 Snakebites
 Every year about 40,000 people are killed by
snake bite according to a conservative estimate
made by WHO. About 70% of the deaths occur
in Asia.
 Of the 2,500 varieties of snakes that exist in
the world, less than 200 varieties are dangerous
to man.
 In India, out of some 300 species of land
snakes, 40 are poisonous and out of 30 sea
snakes 23 are poisonous.
 Snakebites
 The dangerous snakes are Cobras, Kraits, Sea
snakes, Horned and Russel’s Vipers.
 Snakes are recognized by their size, color,
shape of the head and tail, arrangements of the
scales and by the position and type of fangs.
Snakebites
Snakebites
Snakebites
 Snakebites- Signs & Symptoms

 Pain & Swelling at the site of the bite

 Nausea and Vomiting
 Convulsions
 Paralysis
 Shock
 Snakebites - First Aid
 All cases of snake bite are emergencies
requiring immediate attention.
 The aim of first aid is to prevent the venom
injected by the fangs of the snake from
reaching the general circulation.
 Snakebites - First Aid
 Reassure the victim to allay fear. Most snake
bites are not fatal but fear leads to shock.
 Give the victim complete rest and prevent
him/her from exerting.
 If the affected part is in the extremity, keep the
part lowered.
 Examine the fang marks and locate them.
 Snakebites - First Aid
 Apply a piece of string or a strip of cloth round
the limb, above the site of bite. Tighten it just
enough to stop the venous but not the arterial
blood flow.
 Wash the area with plenty of water and soap or
Hydrogen peroxide.
 Do not apply any incision on the bite site.
 Immobilize the limb with splint.
 Snakebites - First Aid
 In case of difficulty or obstruction to breathing,
clear the mouth and start rescue breathing.
 Transport the patient to hospital as soon as
possible
 BLEEDING
(HAEMORRHAGE)
 Bleeding (Haemorrhage)
 Common cause of death in accidents
 Caused by the rupture of blood vessels
 Could be either External or Internal
 Bleeding - Types
 Arterial Bleeding
 Venous Bleeding
 Capillary Bleeding
 Bleeding - Signs & Symptoms

 Casualty feels faint, thirsty and may even

collapse
 Skin - pale, cold, clammy
 Pulse - rapid, weak
 Profuse sweating
 Bleeding - Management
 Direct pressure.
 Elevate arm or leg, if there is no fracture.
 Rest and continue to keep still till clot forms
and do not remove the clot.
AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION
(CHOKING)
 Choking - Causes
 Tongue falling backwards in unconscious
victims.
 Pooled saliva, secretions, vomit, food particles.
 Foreign bodies.
 Dentures.
 Diseases of Larynx, Trachea and Airways.
 Asthma, Allergies and Inhalation.
 Trauma, Drowning.
 Cancer.
 Choking
Treatment in Conscious Victims -
 Encourage victim to cough
 Give 4 sharp back blows
 Give 4 abdominal thrusts
 Choking
Treatment in Unconscious Victims -
 Put victim on his back on the floor.
 Open Airway by head tilt chin lift method.
 Give 2 mouth to mouth ventilations.
 Repeat if airway not re-opened.
 Turn victim and give 4 sharp back blows.
 Put victim flat on his back, straddle him and
give 4 abdominal thrusts.
 Carry out finger sweep.
FRACTURES
 Fractures
 A Fracture is defined as a break in the
continuity of a bone.
 This may vary from a crack to a complete
break.
 Fractures – Signs & Symptoms

 History of fall or injury

 Pain – more on movement
 Snapping sound
 Swelling, Tenderness
 Deformity
 Restricted Movements
 Crepitus
 Shock
 Fractures - Types
 Simple
 Compound
 Complicated
Fractures - Types
 Fractures - Treatment
 Do not move the casualty or the injured part
unless absolutely necessary.
 Immobilize the fractured site together with the
joints above and below the fracture site.
 Splint.
 In cases where the bone is protruding from the
wound, treat as for foreign body impaled in the
wound.
 Treat shock if present.
HUMAN ANATOMY &
PHYSIOLOGY
SKELETAL SYSTEM
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
LUNGS
ABDOMEN
Abdomen – Quadrants
Abdomen – Quadrants
COMMON MEDICAL
EMERGENCIES
 Ischemic Heart Disease
 Angina Pectoris
 Myocardial Infarction
 Cardiac Arrest
 Ischemic Heart Disease -
Treatment
Reassure
Complete Rest
Make casualty comfortable
Oxygen 4 lts/min
Tab Sorbitrate sublingually
Monitor Vitals
Initiate CPR if required
BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
 Bronchial Asthma - Treatment

Reassure and calm the casualty

Make casualty sit upright and lean forward
If casualty has medications or inhalers, assist
him to take it
Tab.Deriphyllin
 FOOD POISONING
ABDOMINAL COLIC
 Food Poisoning - Treatment

Make casualty lie down

Monitor vitals
Replace water and electrolyte loss
Treat shock if present
Administer medications
MOTION SICKNESS
 Motion Sickness - Treatment

Recline seat well back

Place cool towel on forehead
Provide Sick bag
Tab.Avomine
MENTAL DISTURBANCE
 Mental Disturbance - Treatment

Only allow to fly if sedated and accompanied by

an RMP
Notify commander and restrain patient
Do not give any medication
 Extremes of Temperature
Heat Stroke
Heat Exhaustion
Hypothermia
 Treatment – Heat Stroke
Remove from Source
Loosen clothes
Nurse in a cool room
 TRANSPORT OF
THE SICK & INJURED
Cradle Method
Human Crutch
Fireman’s Lift & Carry
Pick-a-Back
Two-Hand Seat
Four-Hand Seat
Wheel Chair Method
EMERGENCY
CHILD BIRTH
Umbilical Cord Placenta Cervix Uterus
 Important Terms
 Infant – < 1 year
 Full Term Normal delivery – 40 weeks
 Premature Baby – 28 to 34 weeks
 Abortion – Loss of foetus
before 28 weeks
 In-flight Precautions
 Seat Location
 Oxygen
 Feet Elevation
 Stages of Labour
 First Stage
 Second Stage
 Third Stage
 First Stage
History
Rupture of bag
Movement of baby
Evacuate bladder and bowels
Make patient lie down in the galley
Isolate area
 First Stage
Assemble following items -
 Oxygen cylinder
 Boil & cool 2 bowls of water
 Remove Scissors & 2 Artery Forceps from the
FA kit
 Gauze, Cotton wool, Gloves
 Plastic bag
 First Stage - Management
 Wash your hands
 Remove patient’s clothes/undergarments
 Clean the genital area
 Check if crowning has occurred
 2nd Stage - Management
 Ask mother to relax in between contractions
 Cover perineum with clean pad
 Support perineum
 Support baby
 Loosen cord, clamp and cut
 Lay the baby on its side with the head slightly
lower than the body
 3rd Stage - Management
 Wait for 30 minutes
 Delivery of Placenta
 Inspect and collect placenta
 Caring for the New Born
 Clear baby’s airway
 Make certain that the baby cries and starts
breathing
 If baby doesn’t cry initiate CPR
 Keep baby warm
 Clean the baby’s eyes
FIRST AID KIT
CONTENTS
 ITEMS DRUG Qty.
1Anti-Diarrhoeal Tab.Norflox 400mg 10
2Antacid Tab.Digene 10
3Anti-emetic Tab.Domstal 10
Tab.Dramamine
4Antispasmodic Tab.Cyclopam 10
5Decongestants Tab.Wikoryl 10
6Anti allergic Tab.Avil 10
7Antianginal Tab.Sorbitrate 5mg 10
 ITEMS DRUG Qty.
8Fever & Pain Tab.Crocin 10
9Breathlessness Tab.Deriphylline 10
10Abdominal pain – Colimex drops 01
Children
11Chloriwat liquid (water purifier) 01
12Antibiotic cream Soframycin 01
13Burns SS Cream 05
14Eye Drops Soframycin 01
15Nasal Drops adult Otrivin 02
 ITEMS DRUG Qty.
16Nasal Drops – Otrivin 01
Children
17ORS Relyte 04
18Muscle Relaxant Relaxyl 01
cream
19Tourniquet 01
20 Scissors 01
21Artery forceps 02
22Simple Airway tube 01
23Band aid 16
 ITEMS Qty.
24Roller bandage 10cms 04
25Roller bandage 05cms 02
26Splint for Arm 01
27Splint for Leg 01
28Adhesive Tape 25mm 02
29Sterile Absorbent Gauze 04
30Triangular Bandages 05
31Cotton Roll 01
32Safety Pins 20
33Ambu Bag 01
 ITEMS Qty.
34Betadine Solution 01
35FA Instruction Booklet 01
36Sterile Gloves 02
37Crepe Bandages 02
38Crocin Drops 01
39Antiseptic Swabs 20
40List of Contents along with certificate
PHYSICIAN’S KIT
CONTENTS
 ITEMS Qty
1Stethoscope 01
2Blood Pressure instrument 01
3Flash light with batteries 01
4Thermometer 01
5Disposable syringe with needle 2cc 02
6Disposable syringe with needle 5cc 02
7Disposable syringe with needle 10cc 02
8Mediswabs 20
9Rubber bands 10
 ITEMS Qty
10 Ampoule cutter 01
11 Oxygen catheter 01
12 Urethral catheter 01
13 Sterile suture needle & thread 01 pkt
14 Cotton wool 01
15 Sterile plastic bags 05
16 Gloves disposable (size - 7 and 7 ½) 02
17 Mask disposable 02
18 Needle Holder 01
19 Toothed forceps 01
 ITEMS Qty
20Plain forceps 01
21Form A to be filled after opening kit 05
22Record sheets with folder 01
23Ball pen 01
24List of contents with certificate 01
25Inj.Adrenaline 1:1000 1ml 04
26Inj.Avil 1ml 04
27Inj.Atropine 1ml 02
28Inj.Calmpose 2ml 06
29Inj.Decadron 2ml 03
 ITEMS Qty
30Inj.Deriphyllin 2ml 04
31Inj.Dextrose 50% 10ml 02
32Inj.Fortwin 1ml 04
33Inj.Digoxin 2ml 02
34Inj.Lasix 2ml 04
35Inj.Mephentine 1ml 02
36Inj.Metochlorpramide 2ml 02
37Inj.Xylocard 50ml 01
38Cap.Nifedipine 30
39Asthalin Inhaler 01
40Tab.Valium 5mg 10
POISONING
 Poisoning - Types
Ingestion
Inhalation
Absorption
Injection
 Ingested Poisons
 Household and Industrial Chemicals
 Pesticides, Insecticides, Rodenticides
 Certain Foods
 Signs - Ingested Poisons
Nausea, Vomiting
Abdominal Pain
Diarrhoea
Altered Consciousness
 Poisoning - Treatment
 Dilute the poison
 Give antidote if available
 Universal Antidote
 Maintain open airway
 Recovery position
 Induce emesis by supersaturated salt solution
 Do not induce vomiting in unconscious
casualties.
 Inhaled Poisons
 Carbon monoxide
 Ammonia
 Chlorine
 Volatile liquid chemicals
 Insect sprays
 Inhaled Poisons - Signs
 Shortness of breath.
 Cough.
 Burning in the eyes, mouth, throat, chest.
 Respiration may be fast and shallow.
 Inhaled Poisons - Treatment

Maintain open airway

Loosen Clothing
Administer Oxygen
 Injected Poisons
 Insect Stings
 Spider, Snake bites
 Hypodermic Needles
 Injected Poisons - Signs
 Stings/Bites on the skin.
 Pain.
 Swelling, Blistering.
 Injected Poisons - Treatment

 Treat for Shock.

 Give pain killers.
 Cold pack.
 Antidote if available.
ROLE OF AVIATION IN THE
TRANSMISSION OF DISEASE
 Quarantine

• Cholera
• Yellow Fever
• Influenza
• Food-borne disease
• Tuberculosis
• SARS
AVIATION
MEDICINE
 Aviation Medicine
It is that specialty area of medicine concerned
with determination and maintenance of the health,
safety and performance of those who travel by air
or in space.
 Stresses of Flight
 Hypoxia.
 Hyperventilation.
 Barotrauma.
 Explosive Decompression.
 Noise & vibration.
 Sick plane syndrome.
 Low cabin humidity.
 Cramped seating.
 In-flight Medical Events
Neurological
 Syncope
 Seizure
 CVA
 Headache, Migraine
 TIA
 In-flight Medical Events
Cardiac
Suspected MI
Angina
Cardiac Arrest
CHF
 In-flight Medical Events
Psychiatric
Anxiety
Hyperventilation
Hysteria
Overdose
Unruly Passenger / Air Rage
 In-flight Medical Events
Gastro-intestinal
GE
Abdominal Pain
Appendicitis
Food Poisoning
 In-flight Medical Events
ENT
Barotrauma
URTI
Dizziness, Vertigo
 In-flight Medical Events
Pulmonary
Asthma
COPD
Pneumonia
Pneumothorax
 In-flight Medical Events
Trauma
OBG
Allergy
Diabetes
In-flight Death
MEDICAL GUIDELINES
FOR AIR TRAVEL
 Conditions Unacceptable for Air
Travel
Critical Heart and Respiratory conditions
Mental illness without escort/sedation
Severe cases of Otitis Media
Acute Contagious / Communicable diseases
Fracture of the mandible with fixed wiring of the
jaw
 Conditions Unacceptable for Air
Travel
Uncontrolled severe hypertension
Peptic ulceration with hemorrhage
Pregnancy beyond 36 weeks
New borns in the first week
Patients with DVT not stabilized
Patients with severe anaemia ( Hb < 5mg%)
Post operative cases – 10 days of abdominal
operation, 21 days of chest surgery
 Medical Evaluation
Assess fitness of the prospective passenger
Consider vaccination status
Unstable medical condition should not fly
Practical fitness-to-fly test – patient can walk 50
yards / 1 flight of stairs
 Airline Special Services
Therapeutic Oxygen
Wheel chairs
Stretcher
Special Meals
 In-flight Medical Care
Flight Attendants trained in FA and CPR
FA Kit, Physician Kit
Telemedicine
Defibrillator
In-flight Nurse, Doctor
TRIAGE
 LI SI CI HI

Lower Higher
Keystone of good Disaster Management is Triage
 Good Triage
Experience
Recognize
Judgement
Leadership
Decisive, Calm under stress
Sense of Humour
Never move a casualty backwards
Never hold a critical patient
Salvage life over limb
 Good Triage
Critically Injured-Highest Priority-
Red Tag
Respiratory arrest
Airway obstruction
Cardiac arrest
Severe head / Spinal injury
Open Chest/Abdominal wounds
Severe Shock / Burns
Unconscious Patient
 Good Triage
Seriously Injured-Second Priority-
Yellow Tag
Moderate Burns
Moderate Bleeding
Conscious patients with head injury
Multiple fractures
Lightly Injured-Delayed Priority-Green Tag
Minor Bleeding
Minor Fractures/Soft tissue injuries
Minor Burns
 Good Triage
Hopelessly Injured-Lowest Priority-
Black Tag
Obvious Mortal wounds where survival is not
expected
Obvious Death
 EFFECTS OF
TEMPERATURE
 Heat Exhaustion
Hot and humid
Sweating,cramps,nausea,vomiting
Pulse – fast and feeble
Temp – slightly raised, respiration – fast
Skin – Cold and clammy
Treatment –Nurse in cool room,treat shock,ORS
 Heat Stroke
Hot and dry.
High fever,rapid pulse and respiration,dry and
flushed skin.
Treatment –Nurse in cool room with fanning,
immerse in ice cold water,wrap dry and keep
fanning, water and ORS.
 Hypothermia
Cold climate - wind chill factor / high altitude.
Shivering, jerky movements,clouded sensorium,
lethargy, unconsciousness, cardiac & respiratory
arrest.
Treatment - Raise temperature gradually,remove
wet clothes, dry casualty
Hot Tub - 110 deg F
 ABSORB PREVENT
DISCHARGE INFECTION

AVOID FURTHER CONTROL

INJURY
FUNCTIONS BLEEDING

STERILE PROPERTIES POROUS

THANK YOU