Zoonotic Disease

Zoonotic Diseases
Contents
Definition
Aetiological agent
Terminology
Categories
List of zoonoses (viral, bacterial, fungal,parasitical)
Mode of transmission
Epidemiology
Prevention and control
Defining Zoonoses
From the Greek:
Zoon
Noson
:
:
Animal
Disease
An Infection or Infectious Disease transmissible under

natural conditions from vertebrate animals to man.
Categories
Direct zoonoses:
Transmitted from an infected vertebrate host to a susceptible vertebrate
host by direct contact eg. Rabies, trichinosis and brucellosis.
Cyclo-zoonoses:
Require more than one vertebrate host species, but no invertebrate host , in
order to complete the developmental cycle of the agent . Eg. Taeniases,
echinococosis,
Metazoonoses:
Transmitted biologically by invertebrate vectors eg. Arbovirus, palgue
and schistomiasis.
Sapro-zoonosis:
Have both vertebrate host and a non animal developmental site or
reservior eg. larva migrants and mycoses
LIST OF ZOONOSES
BACTERIAL INFECTION
Anthrax
Herbivores, pigs
Brucellosis
Cattle, sheep, goat, camels, pigs, dogs, horses
Ornithosis
Wild and domestic animals
Q fever
Cattle, sheep, goat, wild animals
Leptospirosis Rodents, mammals

Tuberculosis
Cattle, sheep, goat
Plague
Rodent
VIRAL INFECTION
Cow pox
Cattle
Monkey pox
Monkey, rodents
Eastern equine
encephalitis
Horses, Rodents
Rose river fever
Horses, cattle, goats, sheep, dogs, rats
Yellow fever
Monkeys
Japanese
encephalitis
Wild birds
Lassa fever
Rat
Rabies
Dog, fox, jackal
PROTOZOAN & HELMENTHIC INFECTION

Leishmaniasis
Dogs, cats, swine
Toxoplasmosis
Cats, mammals, birds
Trypanosomiasis
cattle
Babesesiosis
cattle
Clonorchiasis
Dogs, cats, swine, wild mammals, fish
Fasciolopsis
Swine, dogs
Schistosmiasis
Rodents
Echinococcosis
Dogs, wild carnivores
Taeniasis
cattle
Trichinellosis
Swine, rodents, marine mammals
How are diseases transmitted to man?
Contact with animals
Inhalation
Arthropod intermediates
Handling carcasses
By-products (feces/urine)
Scratches or bites
Ingestion of contaminated milk
Contaminated meat
Contaminated soil
Rabies
Reservoir: Bat, Cat, Dog
Agent: Virus
Transmission: Saliva of infected animals
Human symptoms: Seizures, paralysis, fever
Control of Rabies
Animal
Notify the authorities of any suspicious case

Awareness creation
Control dog populations; all un-confined animals may be killed
Confine and observe suspect animal for 14 days;
Once signs and symptoms of rabies start, there is no treatment
Mass vaccination of all domestic carnivores and keep vaccination records
Maintain documentation of animal disposition and location
Human
Notify the authorities

If bitten/scratched by an animal, clean the wound and seek medical advice
Immunisation as soon as possible after suspect contact with an animal can
prevent rabies in 100% of cases
Once signs and symptoms of rabies start, there is no cure
Plague
An acute disease of animals and humans caused by a

bacteria transmitted from small animals to humans by
the bite of infected fleas
Occurs world wide but with focal distribution

depending on presence of rats and infected fleas in
defined geographical areas
Transmitted between animals and humans by the bite of

infected fleas, direct contact, inhalation and rarely,
ingestion of infective materials
Prevention and control of Plague

Cases
Early diagnosis
Treatment
Notification
Isolation in the of the cases
Community level
Flea control
Rat Control
Hygiene
Surveillance
Awareness creation
Preventive antibiotic therapy
Ebola
A highly virulent viral hemorrhagic fever that is often fatal in man
and other primates
Source:
Monkeys and Chimpanzees are the common source; bats are the
suspected as reservoir
Transmission:Direct contact with the blood, body fluids and tissues of infected
persons
Handling, eating sick or dead infected wild animals
(chimpanzees, gorillas, monkeys, forest antelope, fruit bats)
Toxoplasmosis
Reservoir: Pigs, Cats, Rats, Deer, Lamb
Agent: A single-celled parasite called Toxoplasma gondii
Transmission: Touching infected cat feces, eating undercooked

meat, contaminated water drinking
Human symptoms: Flu like symptoms
Epidemiology
Zoonoses: Common Disease

Frequency: CDC(2003)
Salmonella- 39919
Lyme Disease- 18991
West Nile2862
Trichinosis4
Spectrum of Disease Severity
Death - Rabies
Severe illness- Plague
Chronic illness - Q- fever
Mild illness- Pisttacosis
A recent report found that over a 64 year, Zoonoses

account for 60% of emerging infectious diseases, the
majority of which (72%) originate in wildlife.
Salmonella and Campylobacter account for over 90% of all

reported cases of bacteria-related food poisoning worldwide
Salmonella enteritidis caused a pandemic in both poultry
and humans during the latter half of the 20th Century
Verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 (VTEC

O157) also emerged as a major food-borne zoonotic
pathogen in the 1980s and 1990s.
1996- E. coli o157 : H7- 10,000 cases in Japan.
Clinical disease is often severe, with a significant mortality
rate among the young and elderly.
Prevention and Control
Assure an uncontaminated water supply
Chlorination of water
Connect to water supply
Appropriate disposal of wastes
Prevent food contamination

1.
Avoid unpasteurized milk
2.
Wash hands
3.
Disinfect kitchen surfaces
4.
Wash fruits and vegetables
5.
Use separate utensils for raw/cooked meat
Cooking guidelines
Avoid foods with partially cooked eggs
Cook meats until juices are clear
Poultry internal temp of 180 degrees
Beef internal temp of 160 degrees
Always drink pasteurized milk!
Avoid contact with diseased animals
Dispose off carcasses properly
Wear appropriate clothing and gloves
Wash hands afterwards
Prevent Tick bites
Apply repellent
Wear appropriate clothing
Long-sleeved shirt
Check yourself and pets after being in a tick-infested

area
Definition
Aetiological agent
Terminology
Catergories
List of zoonoses (viral, bacterial, fungal, ricketsial, parasitical)
Mode of transmission
Epidemiology
Prevention and control
THANK YOU

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Zoonotic Diseases

An Infection or Infectious Disease transmissible under

Cattle, sheep, goat, camels, pigs, dogs, horses

Wild and domestic animals

Cattle, sheep, goat, wild animals

Leptospirosis Rodents, mammals

Cattle, sheep, goat

Rose river fever

Horses, cattle, goats, sheep, dogs, rats

Dog, fox, jackal

PROTOZOAN & HELMENTHIC INFECTION

Dogs, cats, swine

Cats, mammals, birds

Dogs, cats, swine, wild mammals, fish

Dogs, wild carnivores

Swine, rodents, marine mammals

How are diseases transmitted to man?

Contact with animals

Ingestion of contaminated milk

Reservoir: Bat, Cat, Dog

Transmission: Saliva of infected animals

Human symptoms: Seizures, paralysis, fever

Notify the authorities of any suspicious case

Notify the authorities

An acute disease of animals and humans caused by a

Occurs world wide but with focal distribution

Transmitted between animals and humans by the bite of

Prevention and control of Plague

Transmission: Touching infected cat feces, eating undercooked

Zoonoses: Common Disease

Spectrum of Disease Severity

A recent report found that over a 64 year, Zoonoses

majority of which (72%) originate in wildlife.

Salmonella and Campylobacter account for over 90% of all

Verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 (VTEC

Prevention and Control

Assure an uncontaminated water supply

Connect to water supply

Appropriate disposal of wastes

Prevent food contamination

Avoid unpasteurized milk

Disinfect kitchen surfaces

Wash fruits and vegetables

Use separate utensils for raw/cooked meat

Avoid foods with partially cooked eggs

Cook meats until juices are clear

Poultry internal temp of 180 degrees

Beef internal temp of 160 degrees

Always drink pasteurized milk!

Avoid contact with diseased animals

Dispose off carcasses properly

Wear appropriate clothing and gloves

Wash hands afterwards

Prevent Tick bites

Wear appropriate clothing

Check yourself and pets after being in a tick-infested

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