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    Variability: Educational Statistics EDU 5950 by Chan Yoke Bee (GS37395)

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    shafin143
    The document discusses variability and measures of variability in educational statistics. It defines variability as a quantitative measure of the differences between scores in a distribution. It describes two main purposes of measuring variability: 1) to describe how clustered or spread out scores are, and 2) to determine how well sample scores represent a population. The key measures of variability discussed are range, standard deviation, and variance. Standard deviation uses the mean as a reference point to measure the average distance of scores from the mean, providing a better measure of variability than range. Sample variance and standard deviation are also discussed as estimates of population parameters.

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    Variability: Educational Statistics EDU 5950 by Chan Yoke Bee (GS37395)

    Uploaded by

    shafin143
    51 views26 pages
    The document discusses variability and measures of variability in educational statistics. It defines variability as a quantitative measure of the differences between scores in a distribution. It describes two main purposes of measuring variability: 1) to describe how clustered or spread out scores are, and 2) to determine how well sample scores represent a population. The key measures of variability discussed are range, standard deviation, and variance. Standard deviation uses the mean as a reference point to measure the average distance of scores from the mean, providing a better measure of variability than range. Sample variance and standard deviation are also discussed as estimates of population parameters.

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    The document discusses variability and measures of variability in educational statistics. It defines variability as a quantitative measure of the differences between scores in a distribution. It describes two main purposes of measuring variability: 1) to describe how clustered or spread out scores are, and 2) to determine how well sample scores represent a population. The key measures of variability discussed are range, standard deviation, and variance. Standard deviation uses the mean as a reference point to measure the average distance of scores from the mean, providing a better measure of variability than range. Sample variance and standard deviation are also discussed as estimates of population parameters.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    51 views26 pages

    Variability: Educational Statistics EDU 5950 by Chan Yoke Bee (GS37395)

    Uploaded by

    shafin143
    The document discusses variability and measures of variability in educational statistics. It defines variability as a quantitative measure of the differences between scores in a distribution. It describes two main purposes of measuring variability: 1) to describe how clustered or spread out scores are, and 2) to determine how well sample scores represent a population. The key measures of variability discussed are range, standard deviation, and variance. Standard deviation uses the mean as a reference point to measure the average distance of scores from the mean, providing a better measure of variability than range. Sample variance and standard deviation are also discussed as estimates of population parameters.

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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 26

    CHAPTER 4

    VARIABILITY

    Educational Statistics

    EDU 5950

    By Chan Yoke Bee (GS37395)

    VARIABILITY

    Provides a quantitative measure of the


    differences between scores in a distribution
    and describes the degree to which the
    scores are spread out or clustered together.

    Graph population distribution

    mean
    mean

    PURPOSE FOR MEASURING VARIABILITY

    To obtain an objective measure of how the scores


    are spread out in a distribution.

    A good measure of variability serves two purpose:


    A) variability describes the distribution
    -- closer or spread out
    ~~ variability === distance
    B) how well an individual / groups scores represent
    the entire distribution.
    ** provide information about how much error
    expected if using sample to represent a
    population

    MEASURE OF VARIABILITY
    A) the

    B)

    range
    standard deviation
    C) variance

    RANGE
    Is the distance covered by the scores in a
    distribution, form the smallest scores to largest
    score.
    Range
    = Xmax - Xmin
    =
    When the scores are all whole number, the range
    = Xmax - Xmin + 1

    RANGE

    Scores are measurement of a continuous variables,

    range = upper real limit for Xmax lower real limit for Xmin
    example: scores have the values from 1 to 5,
    the range = 5.5 0.5 = 5

    Scores are measurement of a discrete variables,


    (when the scores are all whole number)

    range = Xmax - Xmin + 1


    example: the number of children in a family, data
    produces

    RANGE
    ABC
    3

    2.5

    1.5

    ABC

    0.5

    0
    0

    RANGE
    The problem with using the range as a
    measure of variability:
    It is completely determined by the two extreme
    values and ignores the other scores in the
    distribution
    Thus, a distribution with one unusually large
    (or small) score will have large range even
    that is other scores are clustered close
    together
    Range often does not give an accurate
    description, so the range is considered to be
    a crude and unreliable measure of

    STANDARD DEVIATION
    Use the mean of the distribution as a
    reference point and measures variability by
    considering the distance between each score
    and the mean
    -- provide standard or average distance from
    the mean
    -- describe whether the scores are clustered
    closely or widely scattered

    STANDARD DEVIATION
    Step 1

    find the deviation (distance from the mean)

    Deviation score
    = distance from the mean
    =X-
    (X = score, = mean)

    Example
    a) = 50,
    i) score is 53
    ii) score is 45
    deviation score = 53 50
    deviation score = 45 50
    =3
    = -5
    Deviation score can be sign ( + or -)
    + is the score located above the mean
    - Is the score located below the mean

    STANDARD DEVIATION
    Step 2 find the mean of the deviation
    scores
    Add up the deviation scores and divide by N

    Example X N = 4 scores,X- X = 12 = 12/4 = 3


    8

    +5

    -2

    -3

    Deviation scores = (X

    - )

    STANDARD DEVIATION
    Step 3

    find the mean square of deviation


    (variance)

    Variance = average squared distance from


    the mean

    STANDARD DEVIATION
    Step 4 Calculate the square root of the
    variance

    standard deviation =
    Only apply in numerical scores interval or
    ratio scale.

    STANDARD DEVIATION
    Example
    Population = 1, 9, 5, 8, 7
    5
    Score, X
    1
    9
    5
    8
    7

    N = 5 scores

    Deviation (X - )
    Squared deviation, (X - )2
    -5
    25____________
    3
    9_____________
    -1
    1_____________
    2
    4_____________
    1
    ____1______________
    Sum of the squared deviation = 40

    = 40
    Variance (mean of the squared deviation) = 40 /5
    =8
    Standard deviation =
    =
    = 2.83

    = 30 /
    =6

    Figure 4.3

    frequency

    =6
    3

    1
    5

    2
    1
    1

    10

    Estimate the standard deviation can help


    you avoid errors in calculation

    FORMULAS FOR
    POPULATION
    VARIANCE AND STANDARD DEVIATION

    A) Sum of squared deviation scores (SS)


    a)

    b)

    Definitional formula, SS =
    or
    Computational formula, SS =
    Small groups of scores and the mean is whole number,
    use definitional formula
    When the mean is not a whole number, use
    computational formula

    FORMULAS FOR POPULATION VARIANCE AND STANDARD


    DEVIATION

    B) Variance =

    C) Standard deviation =

    Population variance,

    Population standard deviation, =

    EXAMPLE CALCULATION
    Population A: 6,4,2,0,9,3
    Find the sum of the squared deviation, SS
    b)
    Calculate the variance and standard deviation
    Solution:
    Score, X
    X-
    (X - ) 2
    a)

    Mean, = 24/6
    =4

    6
    4
    2
    0
    9
    3

    SS= (X - ) 2 = 50
    variance = SS / N
    = 50 / 6
    = 8.3
    Standard deviation = ( 50/6)
    = 2.887

    2
    0
    -2
    -4
    5
    -1
    Total,

    4
    0
    4
    16
    25
    1
    50

    STANDARD DEVIATION AND VARIANCE FOR


    SAMPLES
    SS is the same for a sample as it is for a population
    Notation mean is M; number of scores is n
    Steps almost are same:
    A) deviation = X M
    B) squared deviation =

    C) Definitional formula, SS =
    D) Computational formula, SS =

    STANDARD DEVIATION AND VARIANCE FOR


    SAMPLES

    Sample variance, s2 =

    Sample

    standard deviation, s =

    EXAMPLE 4.5
    Population B: 1,6,4,3,8,7,6
    Calculate the sample variance and standard deviation

    TOTAL

    X2

    36

    16

    64

    49

    36
    35

    211

    Solution:
    Mean, M = 35/7 = 5
    n= 7
    SS =
    = 211 175
    = 36
    Sample variance =

    standard deviation =
    =6

    2.45

    THE USES OF SAMPLE VARIABILITY

    Sample variation = estimated population


    variance

    Sample standard deviation = estimated


    population standard deviation

    Degree of freedom, df determine the number of


    scores in the sample that are independent and
    free to vary
    df = n 1

    Without some correction, sample variability


    consistently underestimates the population
    variability. Dividing by a smaller number (n-1)
    increases the value of the sample variance and
    makes it an unbiased estimate of the population
    variance

    A sample statistic is unbiased if the average


    value of the statistic is equal to the
    population parameter. (The average value of
    the statistics is obtained from all the possible
    samples for a specific sample size, n)

    A sample statistics is biased if the average


    value of the statistics either underestimates
    or overestimates the corresponding
    population parameter.

    TRANSFORMATIONS OF SCALE
    1.

    Adding a constant value to each scores


    does not change the standard deviation

    2.

    Multiplying each score by a constant causes


    the standard deviation to multiplied by the
    same constant

    THANK YOU..

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