Chapter 4
Selection Control
Structures
Problem Concept
Learning Outcomes
Learning Outcomes
Apply selection control structure (simple
selection, multiple selection, and nested selection)
algorithms
Apply case construct in pseudocode
Recognize algorithms using variations of
selection control structure
Understand the basic concept of function
Construct a program with self-defined
function.
in
Introduction
Introduction
Define the following:
Decision Making
Subject
One or more Outcomes
Selection Control
Structure
IF-ELSE Selection
Switch Case Selection
Part One: IF-ELSE
Selection Control
Structure
Selection Control
Structure
You can use the selection control structure in
pseudocode to illustrate a choice between two or more
actions, depending on whether a condition is true or
false
The condition in the IF statement is based on a
comparison of two items, and is usually expressed with
one of the following relational operators:
< less than
> greater than
== equality
<= less than or equal to
>= greater than or equal to != not equal to
&& AND
|| OR
! NOT
Lets start from scratch
Let say were talking about where to have our
drinks after lecture
We could write something like this,
IF Im Rich THEN
Go to Starbucks
ELSE
Go to roadside mamak stalls
ENDIF
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Keywords
(6 Basic Computer
Operations)
Condition
IF Im Rich THEN
Outcome(s)
Go to Starbucks
ELSE
Go to roadside mamak stalls
ENDIF
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IF money >= 1000000 THEN
Display Millionaire!!
ELSE
Display Pooooor Guy
ENDIF
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IF status == Y THEN
Display Yes!!
ELSE
Display No!!
ENDIF
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Wait wait
Whats the difference between = and == ?
=
Assignment Operator
==
Comparison Operator
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Part Two: More on
IF-ELSE Selection
Five types of IF-ELSE Selection
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5 IF-ELSE Selections
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Simple Selection
Simple Selection (with null ELSE)
Combine Selection (AND, OR)
NOT Selection
Nested Selection
Linear (IF followed by ELSE)
Non-linear (Mixed e.g. IF followed by another
IF)
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1. Simple Selection (Simple IF
Statement)
Simple selection occurs when a choice is made
between two alternate paths, depending on the
result of a condition being true or false
The structure is represented in pseudocode using
the keywords IF, THEN, ELSE, and ENDIF
Only one of the THEN or ELSE paths will be
followed, depending on the result of the condition
in the IF clause
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2. Simple Selection with Null False
Branch (Null ELSE Statement)
The null ELSE structure is a variation of the
simple IF structure
It is used when a task is performed only when
a particular condition is true
If the condition is false, then no processing
will take place and the IF statement will be
bypassed
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3. Combined Selection (Combined
IF Statement)
A combined IF statement is one that contains
multiple conditions, each connected with the
logical operators AND or OR
If the connector AND is used to combine the
conditions, then both conditions must be true for
the combined condition to be true
If the connector OR is used to combine any two
conditions, then only one of the conditions needs
to be true for the combined condition to be
considered true
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4. The NOT Operator
The NOT operator can be used for the logical
negation of a condition, as follows:
IF NOT (record_code = =23) THEN
update customer record
ENDIF
Note that the AND and OR operators can also be
used with the NOT operator, but great care must
be taken and parentheses should be used to avoid
ambiguity as illustrated on page 38 of the
textbook
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5. Nested Selection (Nested IF
Statement)
Nested selection occurs when the word IF
appears more than once within an IF statement
Nested IF statements can be classified as
A. Linear
B. non-linear
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5 (A). Linear Nested IF Statements
The linear nested IF statement is used when a
field is being tested for various values and a
different action is to be taken for each value
This form of nested IF is called linear, because
each ELSE immediately follows the IF condition to
which it corresponds
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5 (B). Non-Linear Nested IF
Statements
A non-linear nested IF occurs when a number of
different conditions need to be satisfied before a
particular action can occur
It is termed non-linear because the ELSE
statement may be separated from the IF
statement with which it is paired
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Linear Nested IF
IF marks >= 80 THEN
Display Grade is A
ELSE
IF marks >= 75 THEN
Display Grade is A-
ELSE
IF marks >= 70 THEN
Display Grade is B+
ENDIF
ENDIF
ENDIF
Simple Selection
Simple Selection
Simple Selection
with null ELSE
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Non-Linear Nested IF
IF marks >= 40 THEN
IF marks >= 75 THEN
IF marks >= 80 THEN
Display Grade is A
ELSE
Display Grade is A-
ENDIF
ELSE
Display Grade is B+ or less
ENDIF
ENDIF
Simple Selection
Simple Selection
Simple Selection
with null ELSE
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Example
An electric power distribution company charges its
domestic consumers as follows:
Consumption Rate of charges
0 200
RM0.50 per Unit
201 400
RM1.00 plus RM 0.65 per unit excess 0f
200
401 600 RM2.30 plus RM 0.80 per unit excess 0f
400
601 and above
RM3.90 plus RM 1.00 per unit
excess 0f 600
This program reads the customer number and
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power consumed and prints the amount to be
paid
Part Three: Switch
Case Structure
Something to know first
Limitations
Variable limited to int and char
Value checked valid for singled-value
instead of ranged-value.
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The Case Structure
The case control structure in pseudocode is
another way of expressing a linear nested IF
statement
It is used in pseudocode for two reasons: it can be
directly translated into many high-level
languages, and it makes the pseudocode easier to
write and understand
Nested IFs often look cumbersome in pseudocode
and depend on correct structure and indentation
for readability
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How do we write?
CASEOF number
1: Display Number 1
2: Display Number 2
other: Display Other than 1 and 2
ENDCASE
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How do we write? (cont.)
CASEOF gender
M: Display Male
F: Display Female
other: Display Huh??
ENDCASE
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Exercises
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Extra Question 1
Kuala Lumpur sometimes has very hazy conditions,
and raise health concern among the residence. A
pollutant hazard index has been developed. If the
index rises above 100, the air is listed as
unhealthful. If the index rises above 200, a
first-stage haze alert is issued and certain
activities are restricted. If an index goes over 275,
a second-stage alert is called and more severe
restrictions apply. Write a program that takes an
input the daily hazard index and identifies the
alert situation.
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Extra Question 2
Write a program that reads an employees
number, hours worked, and hourly rate and
calculates his or her wages. All hours over 40
are paid at 1.5 times the regular hourly rate.
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Extra Question 3
Design a solution print a letter grade given
and examination score.
Grades and marks
A 4-point grading system is adopted:
Grade
Marks Range Grade Point
Description
A
80 -100 4.00
Excellent
A75 -79
3.70
Excellent
B+
70 -74
3.30
Very Good
B
65 -69
3.00
Good
B60 -64
2.70
Good
C+
55 -59
2.30
Satisfactory
C
50 -54
2.00
Pass
D
40 -49
1.00
Passing
F
0 -39
0.00
Fail
Extra Question 4
Design a solution to calculate the water bill given the cubic
meter of water used for PUAS Water Company, which charges
the homeowner one of the following:
A. A flat rate of RM10.00 for usage up to and including 100
cubic meter.
B. $0.20 per cubic meter for usage over 100 cubic meter and
up to and including 200 cubic meter.
C. $0.35 per cubic meter for usage over 200 cubic meter
Extra Question 5
A customer needs a specific amount of paper. The
charges on the paper are RM0.10 for single sheets,
RM0.07 for amounts in multiples of 100 sheets,
RM0.05 in multiples of 500 sheets, and RM0.03 in
multiples of 1000 sheets.
Develop a solution to calculate the type and
number of package(s) for the least amount of
money the customer should buy. given the
minimum amount of sheets the customer needs.
For example, if the customer needs 380 sheets, the amount
she would pay when buying in multiples of 100 would be 36
Extra Question 6
A hotel has a pricing policy as follows:
a.
b.
c.
d.
2 people: RM85
3 people: RM90
4 people: RM95
Additional people: RM25 per person
If the customer is staying on company business,
there is a 20% discount. If the customer is over 60
years of age, there is a 15% discount. A customer
does not receive both discounts. Given the above
data, print the cost of the room.
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Function
Self - defined function
Defining function
A function have 2 main components
1.Function header(function declaration)
2.Function body (functions program codes)
General structure for function definition:
1. return data type
function name
2.{
functions program codes
return expression
}
(arguments)
Function definition
1.Function header
return data type
data type of the value that is returned by the function to the
program which called the function
function name
the name given to this function
Arguments (data_type arg1 , data_type2 arg2)
the data needed by the function to perform its task,
arguments are separate by commas, if no arguments are
needed, empty parentheses is used.
Function definition
2.Function body
The body contain all the program codes that
specifies the action to be taken by the function
return statement
to return a value to the portion of program which called
the function. If no value are to be return, expression is
omitted
(return ; or return 0;)
Function definition
(example)
int
add (int number1 , int number 2)
{
int total = 0;
total = number1 + number2;
return (total);
}
In the above example, it is a simple function named add.
The add function will receive 2 integer type data
(arguments) from the program, it will add them up and
pass the integer data total (return data type is int)
back to the program which called the function using the
return statement.
Accessing a function
A function can be accessed (called) by specifying
its name, follow by list of arguments enclosed in
parentheses and separated by commas, if the
function call does not required arguments, empty
parentheses is used.
If the function return a value, the function access
is often written as an assignment statement:
variable name = function name (arguments);
If the function does not return anything. The
function access appears by itself:
function name (arguments);
Accessing a function
(example)
In the previous example, we created an add
function that add two numbers, since this function
is going to return an integer value (total), in order
to access the function, following codes are
needed:
total = add (number1, number2);
Program Structure
Basic Program Structure
Preprocessor Commands
Global Declaration
int
{
}
main
(void)
Local Declaration
Statements
Basic Program Structure
Preprocessor Command
Come at the beginning of the program.
All commands start with a pound sign (#)
Tells the compiler to include the library needed
by the program
Library contains a lot of predefined function
that can help us to perform tasks
#include <stdio.h>
(used to include the standard input/output
library file so that we can use printf and scanf
function)
Basic Program Structure
Global declaration
Variables declare at this section is visible to all
parts of the programs.
Local declaration
Variables that declare in a certain function.
Visible only to the function contain them.
Statement
The actions to be performed by the function.
Basic Program Structure
(example)
#include <stdio.h>
int main (void)
{
int total = 0; number1 = 0; number2 = 0;
printf(\nPlease enter first number \n>);
scanf(%d,&number1);
printf(\nPlease enter second number \n>);
scanf(%d,&number2);
total = number1 + number2;
printf(the total is : %d,total);
return 0;
}
Program Structure(with Self-defined
function)
Preprocessor Commands
Function Prototypes
Global Declaration
int
{
main
(void)
Local Declaration
Statements
}
Self-defined function
Program Structure(with Self-defined
function)
Normally when we use functions in a program, we will
follow the top-down approach where the additional
function (programmer defined functions) are written
after the main function.
Since the compiler will compile the codes starting from
the upmost line until the bottom, we need to tell the
compiler, what are the functions included in the
program beside the main function, and this can be
done by using function prototype.
Function prototypes
Function prototypes are line of codes use to inform the
compiler regarding the additional functions beside main
function.
return data type
function name
(argument );
return data type
data type of the value that is returned by the
function
function name
Name of the function
argument
Arguments that are required by the functions
Function prototypes
(example)
The function prototype looks similar to the
function definition but ends with a semicolon.
In our previous example we have created an add
function, following is the function prototype for
the add function:
int
add (int number1 , int number2);
Program Structure
(example)
#include <stdio.h>
int add (int number1, int number2); // function prototype
int main (void)
{
int total = 0; number1 = 0; number2 = 0;
printf(\nPlease enter first number \n>);
scanf(%d,&number1);
printf(\nPlease enter second number \n>);
scanf(%d,&number2);
total = add (number1, number2);
printf(the total is : %d,total);
return 0;
Program Structure (example
continued)
int add (int number1 , int number 2)
{
int total = 0;
total = number1 + number2;
return (total);
}
Summary
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Summary
This chapter covered the selection control
structure in detail
Descriptions and pseudocode examples were
given for simple selection, null ELSE, combined IF,
and nested IF statements
The case structure was introduced as a means
of expressing a linear nested IF statement in a
simpler and more concise form
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