Activity 08 Lipids

LIPIDS
By Group 35
I. OBJECTIVES
To be able to:
Determine properties of lipids.
Determine solubility of substances given in water and organic
compounds.
II. DATA RESULTS AND

DISCUSSION
A. SOLUBILITY TEST
Sample
Cottonseed oil
Solvent Used
Distilled water
Result
- Not soluble
Ethyl alcohol
- Not soluble
Ether
- Soluble
- 2 seconds
Chloroform
- Soluble
- 5 seconds
Benzene
- Soluble
- 8 seconds
Explanation
Distilled water is not soluble in
cottonseed oil because water is
a polar substance while
cottonseed is a non-polar
substance.
Ethyl alcohol is not soluble in
cottonseed oil because ethyl
alcohol is a polar substance
while cottonseed is a non-polar
substance.
Ether is soluble in cottonseed oil
because both of them are nonpolar substances.
Chloroform is soluble in
cottonseed oil because both of
them are non-polar substances.
Benzene is soluble in cottonseed
oil because both of them are
non-polar substances.
5% HCl
- Not soluble
HCl is not soluble in cottonseed

oil because HCl is a polar
substance while cottonseed is a
non-polar substance.
5% NaOH
- Soluble
NaOH is soluble in cottonseed oil

because both of them are nonpolar substances.
- 4 seconds
DISCUSSION
Solubility test is used to determine if cottonseed oil are soluble or
insoluble in both organic and inorganic compounds. Such as water,
ethyl alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene, HCl and NaOH.
B. TEST FOR
UNSATURATION
Test Solutions
Oleic Acid
Reagents Added
- Br2 in CCl4
Result
The faint orange color
appeared after 4 mins.
and 10 sec. with 20
drops.
Explanation
The result was
positive because there
was no white
precipitate formed.
Palmitic Acid
- CHCl3
Color did not

disappear
The result shows a

negative result
because it did not
react.
Color did not

disappear
The result shows a

negative result
because it did not
react.
Color did not

disappear
The result shows a

negative result
because it did not
react.
- Haus Iodine
Oleic Acid
- CHCl3
- Haus Iodine
Cottonseed Oil
- CHCl3
- Haus Iodine
DISCUSSION
C. ACROLEIN TEST
Test Solutions
Glycerol
Reagents
Added
KHSO4 (s)
Cottonseed Oil KHSO4 (s)
Result
Explanation
Burned odor
The result was

positive
because it
gave off a
pungent odor.
Pungent
irritating odor
The result was

positive
because it
gave off a
pungent odor.
DISCUSSION
D. RANCIDITY TEST
Test Solutions
Fresh coconut
oil
Reagents added Result

Phenolphtalein
-Insoluble
Explanation
- did not mix

-looks like oil
Methyl orange
-insoluble
-orange and oil
Rancid coconut
oil
pH paper
-blue litmus paper

turned to red
Phenolphtalein
-formed an orange
color
Methyl orange
- Orange but circle
pH paper
-blue litmus paper

turned to red
DISCUSSION
E. SAPONIFICATION
Test Solutions Reagents

Added
Result
Coconut oil
Formed a
gelatinous mass
10% KOH
Explanation
DISCUSSION
F. PROPERTIES OF SOAP
Name of Test
Test Solutions
Reagents Added
Result
Explanation
Salting-out
Soap solution
10% HCl
-formed a white
substance
-smells like coconut
Formation of
Fatty Acids
Soap solution
5% CaCl2
-formed into a
cloudy white
solution with
bubble on the wall
of the test tube
Insoluble Soaps
Soap solution
-cloudy solution
with white
precipitate formed
Detergent
- white precipitate
was formed in the
cloudy solution
DISCUSSION
G. LIEBERMANNBURCHARD TEST
Test Solutions
Reagent Added
Cholesterol
-2mL chloroform
Result
First, it turned to
-10 drops of acetic orange then it
changed to very
anhydride
dark blue then
-2-3 drops of
blue then green
concentrated
and lastly it
sulfuric acid
changed to blue
green.
Explanation
DISCUSSION
H. EMULSIFYING ACTION
Test Solutions Reagents

Added
2% Albumin
Cholesterol
Cholesterollecithin
Result
Explanation
-dissolved in
albumin
-formed no
layer. No
formation of
solid like fatty
acid.
DISCUSSION
ANSWERS TO
QUESTIONS
1. WHY ARE FATTY ACIDS INSOLUBLE IN

WATER?
Fatty acids consist of long, unbranched hydrocarbons with a carboxylic acid
group at one end. Fatty acids made up of ten or more carbon atoms are
nearly insoluble in water.
2. EXPLAIN WHY THE CIS-FORM IS THE PREDOMINANT

CONFIGURATION OF UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS.
If the double bond is a cis bond the carbon atoms are on the same side this
causes a kink in the chain allowing different and more rigid shapes to be
formed. A trans bond has the carbon atoms on opposite sides leaving the
structure similar to the saturated form, with just a bit more rigidity. trans
fatty acids are generally a product of processing (hydrogenation) not
normally found naturally making them difficult to digest properly.
3. WHAT TYPE OF RANCIDITY OCCURS IN VEGETABLE

SHORTENINGS? HOW CAN IT BE PREVENTED?
The type of rancidity that occurs in vegetable shortenings is oxidative
rancidity. It can be prevented thru keeping it clean.
4. SHOW THE STRUCTURE OF THE

PARENT COMPOUND OF CHOLESTEROL.
O
H
CH3
CH3
5. EXPLAIN THE COOPERATIVE EFFECT OF

LECITHIN AND ALBUMIN.
Lecithin is an emulsifier consisting of a variety of ingredients, the active
components being phospholipids - these are long chain polar lipids. The
emulsifying properties of lecithin result from this combination of a polar
(hydrophilic) group attached to a non-polar (hydrophobic) lipid chain, and
means that they can help disperse an oil phase into an aqueous solution or
vice versa, creating an emulsion (oil-in-water or water-in-oil respectively).
These emulsions are not solutions, but rather are very well dispersed
micro-droplets of the secondary phase, and this explains why emulsions are
opaque rather than completely transparent (think of a vinaigrette).
Albumins are water-soluble proteins - massive polar molecules - and I
expect work by a similar mechanism.
CONCLUSION
I therefore conclude that lipids possess different properties that can

be determined through different tests or experiments. For instance,
solubility test using cottonseed as the solvent in the experiment. It
showed that lipids are insoluble in water but is soluble in organic
compounds such as in ether and alcohol. Another experiment
performed was a test to determine the unsaturation of a substance.
This test shows how unsaturated a lipid is, to show how much double
bonds it has and the more halogens it can absorb. Acrolein test is a
test used to determine the formation of acrolein which is observable
through a smell that is a pungent irritating odor. A product that was
released thru dehydration is glycerol. Rancidity test is a test that
indicates the presence of lipids. A positive test is shown if it gave off
a rancid odor which can be smelled when exposed to air at room
temperature.
-end-

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LIPIDS

II. DATA RESULTS AND

HCl is not soluble in cottonseed

NaOH is soluble in cottonseed oil

Color did not

The result shows a

Color did not

The result shows a

Color did not

The result shows a

Cottonseed Oil KHSO4 (s)

The result was

The result was

Reagents added Result

- did not mix

-orange and oil

-blue litmus paper

- Orange but circle

-blue litmus paper

Test Solutions Reagents

-smells like coconut

Test Solutions Reagents

1. WHY ARE FATTY ACIDS INSOLUBLE IN

2. EXPLAIN WHY THE CIS-FORM IS THE PREDOMINANT

3. WHAT TYPE OF RANCIDITY OCCURS IN VEGETABLE

4. SHOW THE STRUCTURE OF THE

5. EXPLAIN THE COOPERATIVE EFFECT OF

I therefore conclude that lipids possess different properties that can

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