Magnetic Levitation in Trains

MAGNETIC LEVITATION
IN TRAIN
GUIDED BY:
Ms.R.MAHESWARI
SUBMITTED
BY:
CONTE
NTS
INTRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY AND TYPES
MERITS AND DEMERITS
PROPULSION
LEVITATION
STABILITY
GUIDANCE
EVACUATED TUBES
POWER AND ENERGY
COMPARISON WITH AIRCRAFT AND
CONVENTIONAL TRAINS
ECONOMICS
EXISTING MAGLEV SYSTEMS
SUMMARY
REFERENCE
INTRODUCT
Maglev is the system of transportation
ION
that uses magnetic levitation to
suspend ,guide and propel the vehicles
using magnets.
First described by Robert Goddard,
American Rocket Scientist, 1909
Scientific American.
Later in 1937 & 1941 a series of
German patents for maglev trains
propelled by linear motors awarded to
Hermann Kemper .
In the 1960s in Britain Eric Laithwaite
TECHNOL
Uses monorail track with linear motor
OGY
Uses magnets to reach a really high
velocity
Floats about 1-10cm above the guideway
on a magnetic field.
Propelled by the guideway
Once the train is pulled into the next
section the magnetism switches so that
the train is pulled on again.
TYPES OF
MAGLEV
TECHNOLOGY
There are 2 notable types of maglev
technology:Electromagnetic suspension(EMS)
Electrodynamic suspension(EDS)
ELECTROMAGNETIC
SUSPENSION
Electromagnets attached to
the train
Has ferromagnetic stators on

the track and levitate the
train.
Has guidance magnets on the
sides
A computer changes the
amount of current to keep the
train 1 cm from the track.
ELECTRODYNAMIC
SUSPENSION
Supercooled superconducting
magnets under the train.Levitate
about 10 cm.
The field in the train due to

superconducting magnets(JRMaglev) or an array of permanent
magnets(Inductrack).
The force in the track is created
by
induced stable.requires
magnetic field in
Naturally
nowires
feedback.
or conducting strips in the track.
Requires retractable wheels at low speed , max
speed 522km/hr
MERITS & DEMERITS

OF DIFFERENT
TECHNOLOGIES
TECHN
OLOGY
MERITS
DEMERITS
EMS
Magnetic fields inside &

outside the vehicle are less
than EDS.
No wheels or secondary
propulsion required
Can attain very high
speed.(500km/hr).
Constant monitoring
correction of separation
between vehicle &
guideway using
computer systems
essential.
Due to inherent
instability and
corrections ,vibration
issues may occur.
EDS
Onboard magnets and

large separation enable
highest recorded
speeds(581km/hr) and
Strong magnetic field

makes the train
inaccessible to
passengers with
TECHNOLO MERITS
GY
INDUCTRA Failsafe suspensionCK
No power required to
activate magnets.
SYSTEM
Can generate enough
(PERMANE force at low speeds to
NT
levitate the train.
The train can slow
MAGNET
down on its own in
EDS)
case of power failures.
The array of
permanent magnets
are cost effective than
electromagnets.
DEMERITS
Requires
wheels when
the vehicle is
stopped
New
technology ,
still under
development ,
no commercial
version or full
scale system
prototype
PROPULS
EMS(Linimo) systems provide levitation &
ION
propulsion using onboard linear motor.
EDS system and Transrapid systems
levitate using onboard magnets & use
propulsion coils for propulsion .
Cost of propulsion coils increase over long
distances.
LEVITATI
In EDS , levitation coils levitate the train
ON
10cm above the track. Levitates when
speed reaches 100km/hr
In EMS , stator & support magnet levitate
the train 1cm above the track. Levitates
even when train is not moving.
STABILI
EMS system rely on active electronic
stabilisation.. TY
All EDS systems are moving systems.
Since these vehicles fly,stabilisation of
pitch , roll and sway is required
In addition to rotation , surge , sway
and or heave can be problematic.
GUIDAN
Some systems use Null Current system
CE
In EDS when the vehicle is in straight line , no
current
, off the line this creates changing
When it flows
moves
flux ,generating a field that pushes and pulls it
back to the line.
Some systems use coils that try to remain in the
null flux point between repulsive magnets and
reduces eddy current losses.
POWER AND ENERGY

USAGE
Energy for maglev
trains used to accelerate
the train.
Also used to make the train levitate and to
stabilise the movement.
Main part of the energy used to overcome
the air drag.
For very short distances the energy for
accelerating is considerable.
But the power used to overcome the air
drag increases with cube of velocity and
COMPARISON WITH
CONVENTIONAL
TRAINS
FEATURE
MAGLEV
CONVENTION
Speed
TRAIN
AL TRAIN
Allow higher
top speeds
since they
dont rely on
wheels for
propulsion.
Speed is
limited by the
use of wheels
for
propulsion.
Maintenanc Require
e
insignificant
guideway
maintenance.
Their electronic
vehicle
maintenance is
minimal
Hence more
reliable
All weather Unaffected by
operation
snow , severe
cold , rain or
high winds.
Can accelerate &
decelate
regardless of
slickness of
guideway
Rail is subjected to
wear & tear due to
friction ,increases
exponentially with
speed.
This increases
running cost.
May encounter
problems due to
degradation of
guideway caused
by weather
conditions.
Weight
Weight of
magnets in
many EMS and
EDS is a serious
issue.
Does not use

magnets
Noise
Major source of
noise is
displaced air.
But they are
found to more
annoying at
lower loudness
Design
Comparisons
Maglev design
eliminates the
need for
braking and
Though they
produce more
loudness , they
are less
annoying than
maglev noise ,
hence have a 510 dB bonus
Design includes
braking and
overhead wires
causing wear
COMPARISON WITH
Many maglevs have lift-to-drag ratio that
AIRCRAFT
exceed that of aircraft.
But jet transport aircraft take advantage
of low air density at high altitudes to
reduce drag during cruise.
Airlines cannot come close to the
reliability or performance of maglev trains
in all weather conditions.
Maglev fares are less susceptible to the
volatile price swings in oil markets.
Has significant safety margin as they are
ECONOM
ICS
The initial investment is similar to
other high speed rail roads. (Maglift is
$20-$40 million per mile and I-279 in
Pittsburg cost $37 million per mile 17
years ago.)
Operating expenses are half of that of
other railroads.
A train is composed of sections that
each contain 100 seats, and a train can
have between 2 and 10 sections.
The linear generators produce
electricity for the cabin of the train.
EXISTING
MAGLEV
TESTING TRACKS
SYSTEMS
120 m test track of General Atomics at San

Diego , USA.
Tranrapid , a German maglev company has test
track at Emsland , Germany of length 31.5km.
JR-Maglev , Japan has a test track that can reach a
speed of 581km/hr.
SUMMAR
They consume less energy.
Y
Require no engine.
Move faster than normal trains because they
are not affected by ground friction; their rightsof-way, meanwhile, cost about the same to
build.
Incompatible with existing rail lines, unlike
traditional high-speed rail.
Initial cost is very high.

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MAGNETIC LEVITATION

Has ferromagnetic stators on

The field in the train due to

MERITS & DEMERITS

Magnetic fields inside &

Onboard magnets and

Strong magnetic field

POWER AND ENERGY

Does not use

120 m test track of General Atomics at San

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