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    Mono Pile in Sand

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    AH
    This document discusses monopile foundations for offshore wind turbines installed in sandy soils. It summarizes that soil stiffness and damping are major design drivers that impact costs if underestimated. Theoretical models of soil damping are compared to measurements showing damping may be higher than predicted. Pore pressure dissipation is examined as a source of additional damping in permeable soils. Ongoing work includes full-scale sensor measurements at offshore wind farms to further evaluate soil properties.

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    Mono Pile in Sand

    Uploaded by

    AH
    129 views21 pages
    This document discusses monopile foundations for offshore wind turbines installed in sandy soils. It summarizes that soil stiffness and damping are major design drivers that impact costs if underestimated. Theoretical models of soil damping are compared to measurements showing damping may be higher than predicted. Pore pressure dissipation is examined as a source of additional damping in permeable soils. Ongoing work includes full-scale sensor measurements at offshore wind farms to further evaluate soil properties.

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    Mono Pile in Sand

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    This document discusses monopile foundations for offshore wind turbines installed in sandy soils. It summarizes that soil stiffness and damping are major design drivers that impact costs if underestimated. Theoretical models of soil damping are compared to measurements showing damping may be higher than predicted. Pore pressure dissipation is examined as a source of additional damping in permeable soils. Ongoing work includes full-scale sensor measurements at offshore wind farms to further evaluate soil properties.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    129 views21 pages

    Mono Pile in Sand

    Uploaded by

    AH
    This document discusses monopile foundations for offshore wind turbines installed in sandy soils. It summarizes that soil stiffness and damping are major design drivers that impact costs if underestimated. Theoretical models of soil damping are compared to measurements showing damping may be higher than predicted. Pore pressure dissipation is examined as a source of additional damping in permeable soils. Ongoing work includes full-scale sensor measurements at offshore wind farms to further evaluate soil properties.

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    You are on page 1of 21

    Monopiles in Sand

    Stiffness and Damping


    Christian LeBlanc Thilsted, DONG Energy Renewables
    Niels Jacob Tarp-Johansen, DONG Energy Renewables

    EWEA 2011, 14-17 March, Brussels

    Outline
    Introduction, soil stiffness and damping
    Impact on design
    Experience
    Soil damping
    Overview of soil damping
    Theoretical derivation of damping due to
    pore pressure dissipation
    Conclusions
    On-going and future work
    Full-scale measurements

    Impact on design
    Soil stiffness

    Soil damping

    Wind-wave misalignment cause the resonant response to be


    governed by soil damping
    Damping (excl. aerodynamic damping) become a design driver

    Increasing water depths and larger turbines


    reduces the 1st natural frequency
    Soil stiffness become a major design driver

    Consequence of underestimation soil damping:


    increased use of steel
    higher costs

    Consequence of underestimating soil stiffness :


    increased use of steel
    higher costs
    applicable range of monopile foundations limited
    to water depths less than ~30 m.
    3

    Soil damping - theoretical

    Damping presently used for design calculations is based on


    a theoretical reconstruction of damping contributions
    Source

    1st mode
    (%)

    Remark

    Soil

    ~3-5

    Visco-elastic

    Hydrodynamic

    ~0.75

    Radiation only

    Steel tower + pile

    ~1.2

    Disregarding grout

    Tower damper

    Typically > 2

    Turbine
    dependent

    Aerodynamic

    ~1

    80 m
    0.3 Hz

    20 m

    Inherent in BEM

    ( modal = Modal log. decr., 2, = damping ratio)

    20 m

    Table adapted from: Niels Jacob Tarp-Johansen et al. Comparing Sources of


    Damping of cross-wind Motion, European Offshore Wind 2009, Stockholm

    D=4.7 m

    Soil damping - measurements

    Emergency stops, i.e. no aerodynamic damping

    Horns Rev 1 Offshore Wind Farm


    Burbo Offshore Wind Farm

    Measurements show more damping (excl. aerodynamic damping) than assumed in present
    design calculations
    Current design = Theoretical approach: modal = 8 %
    Measurements:

    modal > 10 %
    5

    Soil stiffness - theoretical


    Scale effects?
    The py curves for piles in sand described by
    Reese et al. (1974) and ONeill & Murchison
    (1983) led to recommendations in the standards
    (DNV, 1977; API, 1993)

    Is a monopile a pile?

    Soil stiffness - measurements


    Gunfleet Sands Offshore Wind Farm
    Soil: sand and clay layers

    Back-calculation on soil stiffness:


    60-150% higher than predicted
    Closest prediction in wind farm

    Figure: Scour hole depth from xyz-point cloud

    1st Natural Frequency:


    Calculated value: 0.302-0.308 Hz
    Measured value: 0.314 Hz

    Outline
    Introduction, stiffness and damping
    Impact on design
    Experience
    Soil damping
    Overview of soil damping
    Theoretical derivation of damping due to
    pore pressure dissipation
    Conclusions
    On-going and future work
    Full-scale measurements

    Soil damping

    Geometrical damping (wave radiation)


    Vanishing for frequencies < ~1 Hz

    Material damping
    Non-linear hysteresis. Investigations indicates modal 3-5%

    Damping contribution from pore pressure dissipation?

    Type

    Particle size [mm]

    Clay

    0-0.002

    Silt

    0.002-0.06

    Sand

    0.06-2

    Gravel

    2-60

    Rodenhausen, Moritz (2010), "Soil Response of Offshore Wind Turbines - Stiffness


    and damping of monopile foundations", Master Thesis, University of Stuttgart
    9

    Soil damping from pore pressure dissipation

    Grid of two-dimensional soil model in Flac3D

    FLAC3D, Itasca
    3D disc model
    Partially drained simulation
    Linear elastic soil / Darcy flow
    Undrained response

    flux

    Decreasing
    permeability

    Fully drained response

    10

    Soil damping from pore pressure dissipation

    Replication FLAC3D results using


    a simple spring-dashpot mode

    kG
    shear-stiffness

    Damping due
    to Darcys flow
    d

    kK
    bulk-stiffness

    Comparison results (marker) with simple


    spring-dashpot model (solid lines)

    Spring-dashpot constants
    calibrated to FLAC3D results.

    11

    Soil damping from pore pressure dissipation


    Pile diameter: 5 m
    Natural frequency: 0.3 Hz
    Soil stiffness representative of a typical sand

    Schematic illustration of soil response af function of soil permeability

    Conclusions:
    Transition range over two orders of magnitude of permeability
    Undrained (stiffer) response in typical sand and silts
    Up to modal 1%, however
    Significant damping only in gravels and highly permeable sands
    12

    Outline
    Introduction, stiffness and damping
    Impact on design
    Experience
    Soil damping
    Overview of soil damping
    Theoretical derivation of damping due to
    pore pressure dissipation
    Conclusions
    On-going and future work
    Full-scale measurements

    13

    On-going and future work - Walney Offshore Wind Farm


    Full-scale measurements
    1 Monopile
    Commisioning in spring 2011
    Soil profile: Sand
    L/D = 4

    Mono pile

    Transition Piece

    14

    36 strain gauges (9 levels)


    8 strain gauges (2 levels)
    6 accelerometers (2 levels)
    12 displacement transducers (6H 6V)
    2 manual inclinometers (NS & EW)

    Sensor installation at Walney Offshore Wind Farm


    Monopile sensors
    Rostock, Germany
    EEW (steel work) / HBM (sensors)

    15

    Sensor installation at Walney Offshore Wind Farm


    Monopile sensors
    Rostock, Germany
    EEW (steel work) / HBM (sensors)

    16

    Sensor installation at Walney Offshore Wind Farm


    Transition piece sensors
    Barrow, UK
    HBM (Sensors)

    17

    Sensor installation at Walney Offshore Wind Farm

    18

    Sensor installation at Walney Offshore Wind Farm

    19

    On-going and future work London Array


    Full-scale measurements
    1 or 2 Monopile(s)
    Commisioning in 2012
    Soil profile: Clay

    Monopiles in Sand
    Stiffness and Damping
    Christian LeBlanc Thilsted, DONG Energy Renewables
    Niels Jacob Tarp-Johansen, DONG Energy Renewables

    EWEA 2011, 14-17 March, Brussels

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