Introduction To Digital Image Processing Using MATLAB

Introduction to Digital Image
Processing Using MATLAB

By :- Pratik Gohel
Overview
What is image processing?
Applications
What is an image?
Introduction to image processing
techniques
Basic MATLAB commands for image
processing
What is Image Processing?
Photo
stitching
Color boost
Image processing is the collective name for

techniques used to extract information from digital
images or to manipulate them to render variations
of the input image.
Vehicle detection
and tracking
Popular technologies which make use of the

camera as a sensor
The Wii Remote uses

an IR camera to
sense its location
relative to the Wii
Sensor Bar.
The Kinect uses image

processing techniques on depth
images to detect and track
locations of multiple persons in
Applications
Medicine
Defense
Meteorology
Environmental science
Manufacture
Surveillance
Crime investigation
Applications: Medicine
CT
(computed
Tomography)
PET
(Positron Emission
Tomography
PET/CT
Arrows indicating
metastatic lesions
Applications: Meteorology
Applications: Environmental
Science
Applications: Manufacture
Applications: Crime
Investigation
Fingerprint enhancement
Pixels
Pixel
A pixel (abbr. for picture element) is the smallest
unit of an image.
Therefore, a 640x480 image is a matrix of 640
columns and 480 rows, each element of this
matrix is called an image pixel.
MATLAB Image Coordinates

MATLAB stores images as matrices.
In MATLAB, image pixels are referenced using
(row, col) values.
Origin of the coordinate system (1,1) is the top
left corner of the image

(1,
1)
img
Thus, img(4,3) refers

to the pixel at the
4th row and 3rd
column.
Sampling & Quantization
Sampling & Quantization
RGB and Grayscale

In RGB format, each Pixel has 3 color components: Red,
Green, and Blue.

Other color representations, e.g. HSV, YUV, CMYK, are
also used. Transformations from RGB to these color
spaces and back are defined in MATLAB.
If only intensity (bright/dark) variations are considered,
the resultant image is called a grayscale image. Each
pixel has only 1 component: intensity
Basic Image Processing techniques

Background Subtraction
Intensity Thresholding
Morphological Operations
Color-based Processing
Shape-based Processing
A combination of the above methods is usually used

in basic image processing applications. There is no
perfect solution, so keep discussing (and trying)
what suits your project best.
Spatial & Gray level resolution

Zooming & Shrinking of Digital Images
Sampling decides the spatial resolution of
an image.
Spatial resolution is the smallest discernible
detail in an image.
M x N is the resolution of an image.
What is the effect of changing the
resolution of an image on its appearance?
Smallest discernible change in gray level.
It depends on hardware.
Zooming
Shrinking
1.
2.
Its done with two processes

Create new pixel locations
Assign gray levels to these new locations
Enhancement
To make greater (in value , desirability, or
attractiveness)
Image enhancement is to make the visual
interpretation of the image easier and to
make the image more suitable to the
subsequent image analysis.
Original Image
After
Enhancement
Image processing operation

Point Processing
Obtain Negative image
Obtain Flip image
Threshold operation (Thresholding)
image arithmetic operations
Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
image logical operations
Filtering Process
Filter mask is moved from point to point in
an image.
At each point (x,y), the response of filter is
calculated using predefined relationship
Spatial Filters
Smoothing Spatial Filters
Smoothing Linear Filters
Average Filter
Weighted Average Filter
Order-Statistics Filters
Median Filter
Minimum Filter
Maximum Filter
Sharpening Spatial Filters

First derivative
Second Derivative
Box filter and Weighted Average

Filter
Sharpening Image
Image Classes
Class for an image is data type used to
store & represent an image.

All MATLAB data types are designed to
function as classes in object-oriented
programming.
MATLAB Basic Functions for Image

processing
A = imread(filename, fmt) ,
It reads a grayscale or color image from the file specified
by the string filename

A=imread('cameraman.tif');
imwrite(A,filename,fmt)
It writes the image to filename, inferring the format to
use from the filename's extension
IM2 = imcomplement(IM)
B = imrotate(A,angle)
F = imresize(A,[r,c]);
G = im2bw(A);
H=rgb2gray(RGB);
If we read given color image using imread() function, we
get 3-D matrix. To separate out R,G and B planes, we

can read each plane separately as follows:
myImage=imread(RGBBar.bmp);
RED=myImage(:,:,1);
GREEN=myImage(:,:,2);
BLUE=myImage(:,:,3);
If we have three R,G and B planes separately and if we
want to create color image from it, we can use
concatenate function:
Example:
newImage=cat(3,RED,BLUE,GREEN)
[rows,cols] = size(imagedata);
[namefile,pathname]=uigetfile({'*.bmp;*.tif;*.jpg;*.gif','I
MAGE Files (*.bmp,*.tif,*.jpg,*.gif)'},'Choose GrayScale

Image');
img=imread(strcat(pathname,namefile));
if(size(img,3)==3)
img=rgb2gray(img);
end
B = zeros(m,n) Create array of all zeros
xorimage= xor(myimageA,myimageB);
| OR operation
& and operation
B = imnoise(A,'salt & pepper', 0.02); Add the Solt &
Pepper noise in image.

K = medfilt2(B);
L = wiener2(B,[5 5]);
Define spatial filter masks
L1=[1 1 1;1 1 1;1 1 1];
filt_image= conv2(double(myimage),double(L1))
Perform 2- D convolution
filtimg = imfilter(myimage,gaussmask);

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Introduction to Digital Image

Processing Using MATLAB

What is Image Processing?

Image processing is the collective name for

Popular technologies which make use of the

The Wii Remote uses

The Kinect uses image

A pixel (abbr. for picture element) is the smallest

MATLAB Image Coordinates

left corner of the image

Thus, img(4,3) refers

Sampling & Quantization

Sampling & Quantization

RGB and Grayscale

Green, and Blue.

Basic Image Processing techniques

A combination of the above methods is usually used

Spatial & Gray level resolution

Its done with two processes

Image processing operation

Sharpening Spatial Filters

Box filter and Weighted Average

store & represent an image.

MATLAB Basic Functions for Image

by the string filename

If we read given color image using imread() function, we

get 3-D matrix. To separate out R,G and B planes, we

MAGE Files (*.bmp,*.tif,*.jpg,*.gif)'},'Choose GrayScale

B = imnoise(A,'salt & pepper', 0.02); Add the Solt &

Pepper noise in image.

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MAGE Files (.bmp,.tif,.jpg,.gif)'},'Choose GrayScale