Lipids Biochemistry

LIPIDS
Chem 161 Sat 8:30-11:30
LIPIDS
Compounds with preponderance of
nonpolar groups
Limited solubility in water
Soluble in organic solvents, e.g. acetone
and chloroform
FATTY ACIDS
contains a COOH group
contains both polar (-COOH)
and nonpolar (hydrocarbon)
groups
amphipathic
SATURATED FATTY ACIDS
UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS

Exists in cis form
What happens to the melting point of the acids

as the length of the carbon chain grows?
Why?
Which of the fatty acids are monounsaturated?

Polyunsaturated?
For monounsaturated FAs, do we observe the
same relationship with the length of the chain
and their melting points?
What pattern can be observed on the PUFAs melting point,
whose length of carbon chain is the same?
What is the effect of the double bonds on the intermolecular

force of these PUFAs?
ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS

Needed in the human body that must be
obtained from dietary sources because it
cannot be synthesized within the body, in
adequate amounts
ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS
Why are we talking about fatty acids?
TRIACYLGLYCEROLS
Storage lipids
Also known as fats/oils, triglycerides
TRIACYLGLYCEROLS
Main reserve of energy (9 kcal/g), as
compared to carbohydrates
and proteins (4 kcal/g)
Stored in adipose tissues
TRIACYLGLYCEROLS
Simple triacylglycerol
TRIACYLGLYCEROLS
Mixed triacylglycerol
Fats and oils? What is the difference?
Fat
Generally from animals
Oil
Generally from plants
What causes the difference in their

physical states?
Fat
Oil
REACTIONS
Hydrolysis
REACTIONS
Hydrogenation
REACTIONS
Oxidation
Antioxidants are usually added: BHT

(butylated hydroxytoluene) and BHA
butylated hydroxyanisole
PHOSPHOACYLGLYCEROL
Component of membranes
PHOSPHOACYLGLYCEROL
Basis of classification
PHOSPHOACYLGLYCEROL
Basis of classification
WAXES
Esters from long chain alcohol (fatty
alcohol) and long chain carboxylic acid
(fatty acid)
Protective coating
Component of carnauba wax
WAXES
Esters from long chain alcohol (fatty
alcohol) and long chain carboxylic acid
(fatty acid)
Protective coating
Component of spermaceti
Sperm Whale
SPHINGOLIPIDS
Found in the nervous system
SPHINGOLIPIDS
Found in the nervous system
Serves as coating of the myelin sheath
GLYCOLIPID
Serves as markers for cellular recognition
GLYCOLIPID
Found in nerve tissues
STEROIDS
What is common to all these steroids?
STEROIDS
Presence of this ring system
STEROIDS
Presence of this ring system
Cholesterol
Component of membrane and starting

material for other steroidal compounds
Transported by HDL and LDL
BILE ACIDS
Functions as emulsifying agents
SEX HORMONES
ADRENOCORTICOID HORMONES
Produced by the adrenal glands
BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES
Made up mostly of the lipid bilayers
Made up of phosphoglycerides, glycolipids, cholesterol (phytosterols)
Made up mostly of the lipid bilayers
Made up of phosphoglycerides, glycolipids, cholesterol (phytosterols)
Fatty acid profile of the membrane determines

its fluidity
Presence of cholesterol decreases the fluidity

of the membrane
Proteins are also found in the lipid bilayer

Integral and peripheral protein
Functions as transport and receptor

Functions: transport, receptor, catalysis
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
Accepted model of the biological

membrane
TRANSPORT
Two kinds based on use of energy
a. Passive transport substance moves from
higher concentration to lower
concentration
b. Active transport substance moves against
a concentration gradient
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
Simple diffusion
-commonly seen in gases
Facilitated diffusion
-assisted by
protein carriers
ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Functions: transport, receptor, catalysis
RECEPTOR
EICOSANOIDS
Derived from arachidonic acid
Prostaglandins, leukotrienes,
thromboxanes
PROSTAGLANDINS
Induction of inflammation, control of blood

pressure, stimulation of smooth muscle
contraction, inhibit platelet aggregation
LEUKOTRIENES
Play a role in
smooth muscle
constriction, like
in asthma attacks
THROMBOXANES
induce platelet
aggregation and smooth
muscle contraction
What are the functions of

lipids? A polar bear asked me.
FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN A
VITAMIN A
An aldehyde
VITAMIN A

Lipids Biochemistry

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What are the main classes of lipids discussed in the text?

What are the main classes of lipids discussed in the text?

What are the differences between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

What are the differences between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

LIPIDS

Chem 161 Sat 8:30-11:30

SATURATED FATTY ACIDS

UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS

What happens to the melting point of the acids

Which of the fatty acids are monounsaturated?

What is the effect of the double bonds on the intermolecular

ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS

ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS

Why are we talking about fatty acids?

Fats and oils? What is the difference?

What causes the difference in their

Antioxidants are usually added: BHT

Component of carnauba wax

Serves as coating of the myelin sheath

Serves as markers for cellular recognition

Found in nerve tissues

What is common to all these steroids?

Component of membrane and starting

Functions as emulsifying agents

Made up of phosphoglycerides, glycolipids, cholesterol (phytosterols)

Made up of phosphoglycerides, glycolipids, cholesterol (phytosterols)

Fatty acid profile of the membrane determines

Presence of cholesterol decreases the fluidity

Proteins are also found in the lipid bilayer

Proteins are also found in the lipid bilayer

FLUID MOSAIC MODEL

Accepted model of the biological

Proteins are also found in the lipid bilayer

Induction of inflammation, control of blood

What are the functions of

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