The document summarizes key concepts about the operating system environment, including:
1) It describes the primary functions of IOCS (Input/Output Control System), an early precursor to operating systems, including identifying required I/O services, creating file control blocks, and processing files.
2) It compares logical I/O, which are requests from processes and threads, to physical I/O which is traffic toward storage systems. Logical I/O can generate physical I/O if data is not in memory.
3) It outlines the boot process, which begins with the CPU loading a bootstrap program from ROM at startup, followed by the BIOS initializing devices and loading the operating system.
The document summarizes key concepts about the operating system environment, including:
1) It describes the primary functions of IOCS (Input/Output Control System), an early precursor to operating systems, including identifying required I/O services, creating file control blocks, and processing files.
2) It compares logical I/O, which are requests from processes and threads, to physical I/O which is traffic toward storage systems. Logical I/O can generate physical I/O if data is not in memory.
3) It outlines the boot process, which begins with the CPU loading a bootstrap program from ROM at startup, followed by the BIOS initializing devices and loading the operating system.
The document summarizes key concepts about the operating system environment, including:
1) It describes the primary functions of IOCS (Input/Output Control System), an early precursor to operating systems, including identifying required I/O services, creating file control blocks, and processing files.
2) It compares logical I/O, which are requests from processes and threads, to physical I/O which is traffic toward storage systems. Logical I/O can generate physical I/O if data is not in memory.
3) It outlines the boot process, which begins with the CPU loading a bootstrap program from ROM at startup, followed by the BIOS initializing devices and loading the operating system.
The document summarizes key concepts about the operating system environment, including:
1) It describes the primary functions of IOCS (Input/Output Control System), an early precursor to operating systems, including identifying required I/O services, creating file control blocks, and processing files.
2) It compares logical I/O, which are requests from processes and threads, to physical I/O which is traffic toward storage systems. Logical I/O can generate physical I/O if data is not in memory.
3) It outlines the boot process, which begins with the CPU loading a bootstrap program from ROM at startup, followed by the BIOS initializing devices and loading the operating system.
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Operating System Environment
Chapter Summary By the end of this lecture, students will be
able to: 1)Identify primary functions performed by IOCS 2)Compare between logical I/O and physical I/O 3)Describe directory management 4)Describe disk space management 5)Describe boot process
IOCS
Definition: IOCS A pre-OS, like IBSYS for the IBM 7094. The founding generation of computers had no operating system. The earliest OS- like software in the late fifties were called IOCS (Input/Output Control System) or Monitor. The OS/360 developed by IBM in 1962 is generally considered the first "real" OS.
IOCS Functions 1) Identify required IOCS services IOCS supported several classes of I/O equipment 1) Disk drives 2) Tape drives 3) Unit record equipment- The record length was dictated by the physical media, which were -Lines of print on paper -Punched 80-column cards Some services offered by IOCS were not needed by all
An IOCS program must identify the particular devices types and services it uses.
2) Create control blocks for individual files
An IOCS program must create a control block for each file, specifying information unique to the file.
3) Process files Any IOCS program must specify the actions that it wishes to perform
Comparison between: Physical I/O The traffic toward the storage subsystem.
Logical I/O The requests which come from running processes and threads trough system calls. If the requested data is not to be found in memory, it generates a physical I/O and the system fetches it from the disks.
DIRECTORY MANAGEMENT
A directory that contains one or more directories is
theparentof the contained directory or directories,
and each contained directory is achildof the parent directory. The hierarchical structure of directories is referred to as adirectory tree. The NTFS file system implements the logical link between a directory and the files it contains as adirectory entry table When a file is moved into a directory, an entry is created in the table for the moved file and the name of the file is placed in the entry. When a file contained in a directory is deleted, the name and entry corresponding to the deleted file is also deleted from the table.
More than one entry for a single file can exist
in a directory entry table.
If an additional entry is created in the table for a file, that entry is referred to as ahard linkto that file. There is no limit to the number of hard links that can be created for a single file.
BOOT PROCESS
How Boot process occurs ?
Reset event on CPU (power up, reboot) causes
instruction register to be loaded with a predefined
memory location. It contains a jump instruction that transfers execution to the location of Bootstrap program. This program is form of ROM, since RAM is in unknown state at system startup. ROM is convenient as it needs no initialization and cant be affected by virus.
BIOS Interaction
Tasks performed at boot up
Run diagnostics to determine the state of
machine. If diagnostics pass, booting continues.
Runs a Power-On Self Test (POST) to check the devices that the computer will rely on, are functioning. BIOS goes through a preconfigured list of devices until it finds one that is bootable. If it finds no such device, an error is given and the boot process stops. Initializes CPU registers, device controllers and contents of the main memory. After this, it loads the OS.
BIOS Setup
Boot Procedure
Tasks performed at boot up
(Contd)
On finding a bootable device, the BIOS loads
and executes its boot sector. In the case of a
hard drive, this is referred to as the master boot record (MBR) and is often not OS specific. The MBR code checks the partition table for an active partition. If one is found, the MBR code loads that partition's boot sector and executes it. The boot sector is often operating system specific, however in most operating systems its main function is to load and execute a kernel, which continues startup.
Secondary Boot Loaders
If there is no active partition or the active
partition's boot sector is invalid, the MBR may
load a secondary boot loader and pass control to it and this secondary boot loader will select a partition (often via user input) and load its boot sector. Examples of secondary boot loaders GRUB GRand Unified Bootloader LILO LInux LOader NTLDR NT Loader
